Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with notes on its distribution and first record of the male sex

The Trigonalyidae, which have previously been thought to reproduce arrhenotokously like most parasitic Hymenoptera, are added to the list of families from which thelytoky (true parthenogenesis) is recorded. This has been inferred for Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek on the basis of a male:female sex ratio in the field ranging from about 1:250 to 0:1500. The rare male of this species is described for the first time, and the known distribution of the species extended to include South Australia. The host range of T. venatoria, which parasitises widely dispersing pergid sawfly larvae, is proposed as a possible reason for its thelytokous mode of reproduction

PII: 0169-5347(94)90031-0

A key element in the initiation of sympatric speciation by habitat shift is the acquisition of genetically based TREE 001. 9, no X August 1.994 0 1994

Between Individualistic Animal Ethics and Holistic Environmental Ethics Blurring the Boundaries

Due to its emphasis on experiential interests, animal ethics tends to focus on individuals as the sole unit of moral concern. Many issues in animal ethics can be fruitfully analysed in terms of obligations towards individual animals, but some problems require reflection about collective dimensions of animal life in ways that individualist approaches can’t offer. Criticism of the individualist focus in animal ethics is not new; it has been put forward in particular by environmental ethics approaches. However, the latter tend to be so far removed from the concerns of animal ethicists that both groups talk at cross purposes. We think the gap between environmental and animal ethics could be bridged by on the one hand focusing more on the collective dimensions of our concerns with animals - after all, individuals are constituted by the collective of which they are a part - and on the other hand, by showing that moral status can also be attributed to groups in an indirect way, related to the moral status of their individual members. In our paper we explore various (novel) ways of conceptualising the moral relevance of collectiveness in animal life. We draw on insights from public health ethics, as this field of inquiry has also developed - at least partly—in response to individualist approaches in human bioethics, creating more room for recognizing the value of population health, interpersonal relations, solidarity, and ways in which a collective is constituted<br/