Distribution of monthly rainfall in relation to numbers of severe malaria and bloodstream infections for the patients from the HDSS zone.

<p>For comparison, the adjusted numbers of cases were used. HDSS: Health and Demographic Surveillance System. iNTS: invasive Non Typhoid Salmonellosis.</p

Studies from rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa with adjusted incidence rates of invasive <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi infection.

<p>Studies from rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa with adjusted incidence rates of invasive <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi infection.</p

Population-based incidence, seasonality and serotype distribution of invasive salmonellosis among children in Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso

<div><p>Background</p><p>Bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi and invasive non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (iNTS) frequently affect children living in rural sub-Saharan Africa but data about incidence and serotype distribution are rare.</p><p>Objective</p><p>The present study assessed the population-based incidence of <i>Salmonella</i> BSI and severe malaria in a Health and Demographic Surveillance System in a rural area with seasonal malaria transmission in Nanoro, Burkina Faso.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Children between 2 months—15 years old with severe febrile illness were enrolled during a one-year surveillance period (May 2013—May 2014). Thick blood films and blood cultures were sampled and processed upon admission. Population-based incidences were corrected for non-referral, health seeking behavior, non-inclusion and blood culture sensitivity. Adjusted incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 person-years of observations (PYO).</p><p>Results</p><p>Among children < 5 years old, incidence rates for iNTS, <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi and severe malaria per 100,000 PYO were 4,138 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3,740–4,572), 224 (95% CI: 138–340) and 2,866 (95% CI: 2,538–3,233) respectively. Among those aged 5–15 years, corresponding incidence rates were 25 (95% CI: 8–60), 273 (95% CI: 203–355) and 135 (95% CI: 87–195) respectively. Most iNTS occurred during the peak of the rainy season and in parallel with the increase of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria; for <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi no clear seasonal pattern was observed. <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi and iNTS accounted for 13.3% and 55.8% of all 118 BSI episodes; 71.6% of iNTS (48/67) isolates were <i>Salmonella</i> enterica serovar Typhimurium and 25.4% (17/67) <i>Salmonella</i> enterica serovar Enteritidis; there was no apparent geographical clustering.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The present findings from rural West-Africa confirm high incidences of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi and iNTS, the latter with a seasonal and <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>-related pattern. It urges prioritization of the development and implementation of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi as well as iNTS vaccines in this setting.</p></div

Studies from rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa with adjusted incidence rates of invasive Non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> infection.

<p>Studies from rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa with adjusted incidence rates of invasive Non-Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> infection.</p

Crude and adjusted incidence rates of bloodstream infection and severe malaria for children from HDSS area.

<p>Crude and adjusted incidence rates of bloodstream infection and severe malaria for children from HDSS area.</p

Breakdown of patients and samples for the total study area (in- and outside Health Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) and both study sites.

<p>Breakdown of patients and samples for the total study area (in- and outside Health Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) and both study sites.</p

Country-specific enrolment characteristics of patients and controls in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.

<p>Country-specific enrolment characteristics of patients and controls in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.</p

Principal elements of the NIDIAG digestive study and the respective standard operating procedures (SOPs) used.

<p>Principal elements of the NIDIAG digestive study and the respective standard operating procedures (SOPs) used.</p

Set of standard operating procedures (SOPs) used in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.

<p>Set of standard operating procedures (SOPs) used in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.</p

Laboratory diagnostic techniques used and internally compared in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.

<p>Laboratory diagnostic techniques used and internally compared in the NIDIAG study on persistent digestive disorders.</p