Changes in sex ratio of fledging king penguins according to the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over a 10-year period.

<p>Sex ratio is presented as male proportion (%). SST (°C) was averaged over the summer season, <i>i.e.</i> the 6-mo period following the onset of reproduction (mean annual laying date of early breeders) (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114052#s2" target="_blank">methods</a>).</p

Sex ratio of king penguin chicks produced either early or late during the 2007–2010 breeding seasons.

<p>Sex ratio is presented as male proportion (%). White and grey bars correspond to early and late chicks, respectively. In 2010, chick sex was determined both at hatching and fledging. Sample sizes are specified in the bars.</p

Yearly changes in male and female fledging body condition (BC; panel A) and yearly sex ratio at fledging according to fledging BC difference between males and females (panel B) in king penguins.

<p>Panel A: male and female body conditions are given as solid line, open circles and dotted line, full circles, respectively. Letters in superscript indicate differences between years in the average (male and female) body condition. Average values not sharing a common superscript are different for <i>P</i><0.05. Panel B: the grey area corresponds to the years in which male body condition is higher than female body condition, while the white area presents the opposite. Note that the horizontal solid line indicates the balanced sex ratio at fledging. Every point situated above corresponds to a higher proportion of males, while below corresponds to a higher proportion of females.</p

Sex ratio of fledging king penguins over a 10-year period.

<p>Sex ratio is presented as male proportion (%). Dotted lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The grey area of the figure (fledging males <50%) corresponds to female-biased sex ratios, while the white area corresponds to male-biased sex ratios. Points not sharing a common superscript are different for <i>P</i><0.05. Sample sizes are given in brackets. The insert shows the average sex ratio over the 10-year study (*significant difference for <i>P</i><0.05).</p