Potency and Implications of Bacteria Growth, H2S and FeS Production in Microbially Induced Corrosion of Oil Pipelines using Selected Biocides

In this study, the potency and implications of bacteria growth, H2S and FeS production in microbially induced corrosion of oil pipelines were done using 5 biocides. Hydrogenase test was carried out and used to detect the presence of micro-organism that causes corrosion in the pipeline samples. The biocides were then compared to ascertain how efficiently they can curb the proliferation of bacteria in experimental set-up filled with a bacterial cultured agar using anaerobic medium. Generally, it was found that there use led to reduction in bacteria growth, less and less of iron sulfide and hydrogen sulfide as the concentration and duration of experimentation increases. Specifically, it was found that while cow urine and biaguanide terminate their iron sulfide production after 5th and 6th week, respectively, others continue throughout the 13 week experimentation period. Similarly, cow urine and biaguanide terminate their hydrogen sulfide production after 3rd and 5th, respectively, others continued throughout. Altogether, 10 exponential trendline equations were formulated for iron sulfide and hydrogen sulfide production. R2 goodness-of-fit statistical technique was employed in the analysis for future predictions from the model and the values obtained in each case is close to 1 which indicates a good measure that future outcomes are very likely to be predicted well by the developed equations. Keywords: Biocides, Microbial Corrosion, Hydrogen Sulphide, Iron Sulphide, Bacteria Growt

Effects of Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness during End Milling of Aluminium under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)

In this study an experimental investigation of effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness during end milling of aluminium 6061 under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition was carried out. The experiments were carried out to investigate surface quality of the machined parameters and to developed mathematical models using least square techniques. Spindle speed (N), feed rate (f), axial depth of cut (a) and radial depth of cut (r) has been chosen as input variables in order to predict surface roughness. The experiment was designed by using central composite design (CCD) in which 30 samples were run in a CNC milling machine. Each of the experimental result was measured using Mitutoyo surface tester. After the predicted surface roughness values have been obtained the average percentage errors were calculated. The mathematical model developed by using least square method shows accuracy of 89.5% which is reasonably reliable for surface roughness prediction. With the obtained optimum input parameters for surface roughness, production operations will be enhanced

Cutting Parameters Effects on Surface Roughness During End Milling of Aluminium 6061 Alloy Under Dry Machining Operation

In this project an experimental investigation of the cutting parameters effects on surface roughness during end milling of aluminium 6061 under dry machining operation was carried out. The experiments were carried out to investigate surface quality of the four machined parameters and to developed mathematical models using least square approximation techniques. Spindle speed (N), axial depth of cut (a) radial depth of cut (r) and feed rate (f), has been chosen as input variables in order to predict surface roughness. The experiment was designed by using central composite design (CCD) in which 30 samples were run in a CNC milling machine. Each of the experimental result was measured using Press-o-firm and Mitutoyo surface tester. After the predicted surface roughness values have been obtained the average percentage errors were calculated. The mathematical model developed by using least square approximation method shows accuracy of 91% which is reasonably reliable for surface roughness prediction. With the obtained optimum input parameters for surface roughness, production operations will be enhanced

Comparative Analysis of Chatter Vibration Frequency in CNC Turning of AISI 4340 Alloy Steel with Different Boundary Conditions

In this study, an experimental investigation of chatter vibration frequency in CNC turning of AISI 4340 Alloy Steel material was carried out, with uncoated carbide tool insert (TPG 322) on Fanuc 0i TC CNC lathe machine, with two boundary conditions. The experimental design adopted for this study is the Taguchi parameter design with L9 orthogonal array. Turning tests were carried out on nine samples of the test-piece material for the clamped-free (C-F) condition, and the tests replicated on another set of nine test-pieces for Clamped-Pinned, so-called C-SS workpiece boundary condition.  Chatter vibration frequencies were measured using MXC-1600 digital frequency counter and the frequency plots continuously analysed through DTO 32105 sound signal and frequency analyzer. The main objective is to investigate the process parameters’ performances on the work-piece material of AISI 4340 alloy steel, and to carry out comparisons between the two different boundary conditions vis-à-vis the effects of process parameters which are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the chatter vibration frequency for the orthogonal turning operation. Chatter vibration frequency values for the C-SS scenario were found to be up to 30% lesser when compared to the C-F machining scenario. Introduction of the tailstock used in pinning the free-end of the slender work-pieces reduced the chances that workpiece would bend; whereas absence of the pinned end means that workpiece may be skewed at an angle in the chuck with increased dynamic deflections at the free end leading to more aggressive workpiece and cutting tool perturbations which are known to favour cutting instability

Comparative analysis of aluminium surface roughness in end-milling under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions

In this study an experimental investigation of effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness during end milling of aluminium 6061 under dry condition and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition were carried out. Spindle speed (N), feed rate (f), axial depth of cut (a) and radial depth of cut (r) were cutting parameters chosen as input variables in the investigation of the surface roughness quality. The experimental design adopted for this study was the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology. Thirty samples were run in a CNC milling machine for each condition and the surface roughness measured using Mitutoyo surface tester. A comparison showing the effects of cutting parameters on the surface roughness for dry and MQL conditions in end-milling of aluminium were evaluated. Surface roughness values for MQL condition were lower with up to 20% reduction when compared to dry conditions. MQL cutting condition was found to be better and more reliable because it is environmentally friendly and gives better surface finish. With the obtained optimum input parameters for surface roughness, production oper- ations will be enhanced

EVALUATION OF CHATTER VIBRATION FREQUENCY IN CNC TURNING OF 4340 ALLOY STEEL MATERIAL

In this study, an experimental investigation of chatter in CNC turning for 4340 Alloy Steel material was carried out. Empirical study of chatter and critical cutting condition in CNC turning has been conducted through a well- designed three-factor three-level experiment, and regression models developed for chatter frequency prediction with up to 99.5% accuracy for the material. The arising model and the mean-effect plots of the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut against Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio indicates that increasing feed rates and depth of cuts would bring about increase in chatter vibration frequency while high cutting speeds would have attenuating effects on chatter vibration frequency, thereby suppressing it. The percentage contribution of the cutting parameters to chatter vibration frequency established, and optimal machining condition for the machine chatter optimization obtained at a cutting speed of 320 m/min, feed rate of 0.05mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.5mm. The optimal chatter vibration frequency for the turning tests was found to be 130.00 Hz. With the obtained optimum input parameters for chatter vibration frequency, production operations will be enhanced

Development of a Rocket Stove Using Woodash as Insulator

Abstract A rocket stove which serves as a cheaper and more safer alternative to conventional method of cooking, employing the use of solid fuels has been developed. The construction was done with our locally available metallic materials for the body and combustion chamber of the stove, using teak (khaya grandifoliala) wood ash as an insulator. An analysis of the thermal and mechanical properties of the insulating wall, fuel magazine, combustion chamber, and chimney were also performed; the law of energy conservation was used to determine the stove thermal efficiency which is 37.3%, while the Newton’s law of cooling was used to determine the convection heat transferred by the stove body (150864 J/kg) and Stefan-Boltzmann law was used to determine the amount of heat radiated by the stove body (49.2 J/kg), thus, signifying its suitability for home heating. A less expensive but very effective materials mixture containing galvanized steel and wood ash were found to have thermal properties comparable to that of fired vermiculite and stainless steel materials which are more expensive in other improved stove designs

Stability Analysis of Model Regenerative Chatter of Milling Process Using First Order Least Square Full Discretization Method

Regenerative chatter is an instability phenomenon in machining operation that must be avoided if high accuracy and greater surface finish is to be achieved. It comes with its own consequences such as poor surface finish, low accuracy, excessive noise, tool wear and low material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, an analytical method base on first order least square approximation full-discretization method is use for the stability analysis on the plane of axial depth and radial depths of cut. A detail computational algorithm has been developed for the purpose of delineating stability lobe diagram into stable and unstable regions using mathematical models. These algorithms enabled the performance of sensitivity analysis. From the results axial depth of cut enhances the unstable region and suppresses the stable region. This means that inverse relationship exists between the axial and limiting radial depths of cut thus highlighting the need to determine the maximum value of their product for achieving maximized MRR thereby reducing the chatter in the milling process. It is also seen that the peak radial depths of cut occasioned by the lobbing effects occur at fixed spindle speeds irrespective of the axial depth of cut. Similarly, the rise in spindle speed enhances the stable region and suppresses the unstable region. This means that for us to have chatter-free milling process, parameters like axial and radial depths of cut should be carefully selected together at high machining speed. With these behaviour, one can locate the productive spindle speed at which the lobbing effects occur and depths of cut combination for the operator

Data on physicochemical properties of borehole water and surface water treated using reverse osmosis [RO] and ultra-violet [UV] radiation water treatment techniques

This article present data on reverse osmosis (RO) and ultra-violet (UV) Radiation Water Treatment Techniques effects on the physiochemical properties of a treated surface wa- ter (SW) and borehole water (BHW). The water treatment study which was carried out in Omoku community in River State, lies with latitude 5 °13 ¹N and 5 °22 ¹N and longitude 6 °33 ¹E and 6 °42 ¹North West of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, an area with over Nine hundred oil wells with over thirteen active oil fields and playing host to three multina- tional companies, due to these activities the water is highly contaminated and causing serious health challenges to the water consumer. Therefore, this research work focus on RO and UV water techniques by applying the physicochemical characteristics method and total Coliform count, with the mechanism to check the influence of both techniques on the pH, temperature, Turbidity, conductivity, Total suspended solids Total dissolved solids of the water for three different samples within the Omoku community. The experiment shows that RO treatment technique produces potable water with reduced mineral content in comparison to the UV treatment

Effect of Luffa cylindrica fiber and particulate on the mechanical properties of epoxy

This study examines the effect of addition of Luffa cylindrica fiber (LCF) and Luffa cylindrica particulate (LCP) on the properties of epoxy resin. Luffa cylindrica fiber treated with 8% NaOH and of 2, 4, and 6% weight fraction was used to reinforce epoxy resin via hand lay-up method. Hybridization of the fiber and particulate was also done with the particulate having a constant weight fraction of 10% whereas the fibers were varied as in the mono-reinforced Luffa cylindrica fiber composite. The samples were machined for mechanical and microstructural analysis. Result showed that addition of the reinforcement led to an improvement in mechanical properties. However, the hybrid was seen to showcase better properties compared to the fiber-reinforced composite with the hybrid sample of composition 4 wt% LCF and 10 wt% LCP exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strength of 13.489 MPa and 20.3 MPa, respectively. Microstructural analysis showed excellent homogeneity with few voids and better adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. These results show that this composite can find application in the interior and exterior parts of automobiles as well as in household wares like flower pots