The SWOT Analysis of the Romanian Health Care System

The complexity of the problem the national health care program confronts with and which must be solved through the measures of the respective reform lead to a SWOT analysis, particularly for this reform. The strong points consists of the voting And coming into force of the Law concerning the health care reform, the large number of services suppliers, for every type of medical assistance, the existence of medical excellence centres leading to an afflux of patients, regardless of the area where they live. The implementation of the hospital financing system - DRG – financing based on solved case – represented a process approved through a MH project that has benefited from the financial support of the European Union, through PHARE 2003 program. The Romanian health care system consists of the following weak points: - The necessity to increase the financing level of the Romanian health care system; - The lack of a unique integrated information system; - The lack of real self-sufficiency; - The high rate of infectious and chronic diseases; - The rate of problems related to the lack of knowledge of related servicesindicators system, SWOT analysis, strong points, weak points, financing health care, health care expenditure.

Health care system – concept and importance

Health care systems are designed to meet the health care needs of target populations. There are a wide variety of health care systems around the world. In some countries, the health care system has evolved and has not been planned, whereas in others a concerted effort has been made by governments, trade unions, charities, religious, or other coordinated bodies to deliver planned health care services targeted to the populations they serve. In Romania in 2001 health expenditures were equal to 6.5 percent of gross domestic product. In 2005 there were 1.9 physicians and 7.4 hospital beds per 1,000 people. The system has been funded by the National Health Care Insurance Fund, to which employers and employees make mandatory contributions. Private health insurance has developed slowly. Because of low public funding, about 36 percent of the population’s health care spending is out-of-pocket.health care, finances, insurance, hospital care, investments efficiency

HEALTHCARE ECONOMICS AS METHOD OF RENDERING THE ACTIVITY EFFECTIVE

The issue of healthcare economics analysis should be started from the concept and the particularities within this important area of economic life - social. In the present conditions of limited resources and the needs that continue to multiply and diversify, in the context of stiff competition in any field, the issues of competitiveness and rationalization of any human activities becomes very important. In what follows the authors will examine some significant aspects regarding the healthcare economics, such as healthcare costs, ethics and objects of the healthcare economics, contributions for the fundamentals and development of the healthcare economics etc.healthcare economics, public healthcare, performance, quality, standards of living.

Weathering behaviour of a basaltic regolith from Pahang, Malaysia

The characteristics and degree of weathering in a deep saprolitic regolith developed on basalt were investigated. A 15 m deep regolith of soil-saprolite-rock sequence, located along a new road cut in Pahang, Malaysia, was selected. The intensity of weathering in this regolith was assessed by various weathering indices, as well as by the changes in the physiarchemical properties, clay mineralogy and the microfabric characteristics of the profile. All assessments gave strong evidences of intense weathering, even at the stage of saprock formation. Extreme depletion of major elements such as K, Na, Ga and Mg, and significant enrichment of Fe, Ti, Gu and Nb occurred during saprolitization process, and, these perhaps explain the extreme weathering pattern of this regolith

Indicators of healthcare system, an important element of SWOT sistemic analysis in this area

The complexity of indicator’s system derives from the very complexity of the health concept as defined by the World Health Organization that "Health is that state of good : physical, mental, social and consists not only in the absence of disease or infirmity". The indicators should cover both aspects of financing health services, technical equipment, human resources in healthcare, quality of healthcare services, issues that affect health, but also short and long term effects of work in this area. The paper analyzes the main indicators characterizing the health system in Romania, aimed at identifying potential strengths and its weaknesses.healthcare system, indicators, efficiency, competitiveness

The development of local solar irradiance for outdoor computer graphics rendering

Atmospheric effects are approximated by solving the light transfer equation, LTE, of a given viewing path. The resulting accumulated spectral energy (its visible band) arriving at the observer’s eyes, defines the colour of the object currently on the line of sight. Due to the convenience of using a single rendering equation to solve the LTE for daylight sky and distant objects (aerial perspective), recent methods had opt for a similar kind of approach. Alas, the burden that the real-time calculation brings to the foil had forced these methods to make simplifications that were not in line with the actual world observation. Consequently, the results of these methods are laden with visual-errors. The two most common simplifications made were: i) assuming the atmosphere as a full-scattering medium only and ii) assuming a single density atmosphere profile. This research explored the possibility of replacing the real-time calculation involved in solving the LTE with an analytical-based approach. Hence, the two simplifications made by the previous real-time methods can be avoided. The model was implemented on top of a flight simulator prototype system since the requirements of such system match the objectives of this study. Results were verified against the actual images of the daylight skies. Comparison was also made with the previous methods’ results to showcase the proposed model strengths and advantages over its peers

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Exposed Saprolites and Their Suitability for Oil Palm Cultivation

The reviews on the management of upland soils for oil palm cultivation have indicated that these soils are poor in fertility and classified as marginal to unsuitable. Our study aimed at investigating the problem, found that saprolites laying below the soil layers are either exposed directly or near to the surface as the result of unavoidable terracing of slopes to enable cropping, rendering poor crop suitability. Samples from three different saprolitic profiles of varying depth and geology were collected and analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and chemical fertility characteristics. Besides variability in characteristics of different geological origin, the saprolites have poor fertility and physical properties, suggesting that they are poor substrate for crop growth. The fertility status of the saprolites, despite less weathered, were poorer than their soils. Comparatively, they have higher phosphorus retention capacity, lower net negative charge, and thus lower cation retention capacity. The Al phytotoxic effect, however, was lower in the saprolites than in their soils. The saprolites physical properties were characterized by massiveness and lacking of structural development, which enables high water retention but may not be available to plants. The isovolumetric transformation analysis of rock into saprolites showed a significant depletion of base cations from the Profiles, instituting poor fertility status of saprolites in comparison to their respective soil layers.The suitability assessment of saprolite materials of varying geological origin indicates that saprolites are unsuitable for oil palm cultivation, with shallowness, fertility and poor drainage conditions being the major constraints

Foragent export agent

This case is about the process a forwarding agent had to undergo to document three major processes: importing, exporting, and billing. These major processes were recorded and tabulated to facilitate (1) easy understanding of the processes and (2) reengineering of processes. The case is appropriate for small and medium enterprises to follow in documenting processes and reengineering them by merging, collapsing and removing, and rearranging. The case also suggests ways to insert technologies and innovations at appropriate steps of the processes

Kuang Ming Packaging Industries Sdn. Bhd. (KMPI)

This case focused on Kuang Ming Packaging Industries Sdn. Bhd (KMPI) a company that produced and provided packaging and labeling materials which was incorporated in 1992. KMPI served domestic and international business buyers with a steady profit and sales. However an urgent request made by one of its main and longtime buyers for a reassessment of their contract had surfaced many weaknesses of the company. If KMPI does not respond to this problem and symptoms, they would risk losing a RM15 million contract from their customers and more importantly in the long run they would risk losing the steady profits and sales. This case requires students to critically analyze and apply the relevant marketing concept and theories in order to help resolve KMPI problem and improve their business operations

Co-Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Refined Glycerin Wash Water for Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal and Methane Production

Problem statement: Refined Glycerin Wash Water (RGWW) from the oleochemical industry contains high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and requires proper treatment before disposal. Unfortunately the wash water also contains high concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) that could cause inhibition to the normal biological treatment process. However, there is feasibility of co-digesting the RGWW and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for its treatment and methane recovery.Approach: A large 500 m3 semi-commercial closed digester tank was used to study the effect of co-digesting POME and RGWW under mesophilic condition at different RGWW percentage. The digester performance in terms of COD removal efficiency and methane production rate and stability based on total Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) accumulation, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid (MLVSS) and pH were evaluated.Results: At 1.0% of RGWW co-digested, both COD removal efficiency and methane production rate showed satisfactory results with higher than 90% and 505 m3 day-1, respectively. However, once the percentage was increased to a maximum of 5.25%, COD removal efficiency remains high but the methane production rate reduced significantly down to 307 m3 day-1. At this stage, the digester was already unstable with high total VFA recorded of 913 mg L-1 and low cells concentration of 8.58 g L-1. This was probably due to the effect of plasmolysis on the methanogens at high concentration of NaCl in the digester of nearly 4000 mg L-1.Conclusion: Co-digesting of RGWW with high NaCl content and POME is satisfactory for COD removal but not for increasing the methane production