Drivers of post-fire Nothofagus antarctica forest recovery in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Introduction: Large wildfires were historically absent in the forests of Tierra del Fuego, southern Argentina. This has changed in recent decades as humans have increased ignition sources, and warmer, drier periods have fueled large, severe wildfires. As a result of its location at an extreme southern latitude, Tierra del Fuego has very low tree species diversity. One of the region's dominant tree species, Nothofagus antarctica, is believed to have traits that may make it resilient to wildfire (e.g., the ability to resprout prolifically). Methods: This study examined post-fire N. antarctica regeneration across an environmental and time-since-fire gradient. Plots were established in burned areas (n = 160) and unburned controls (n = 32) in and around two wildfires that occurred circa 1940 and in 2019. Seedling/resprout and sapling regeneration densities, as well as site characteristics (e.g., slope) and fire-impacted variables (e.g., distance to mature live trees), were measured. Results: Seedling and resprout densities were lower in burned plots than in controls, with this trend being exacerbated in the 2019 fire with increasing distance from mature live trees. Regeneration generally occurs in clumps and principally through sprouting from live and top-killed trees, with not all top-killed trees having resprouted. Seedling and resprout densities were most strongly impacted by time since fire, distance to mature live trees and post-fire canopy cover. Sapling densities were modulated by slope, time since fire, and distance to mature live trees. Discussion: Despite lower regeneration densities in recently burned plots and less live basal area and canopy cover in older burned plots compared to unburned controls, burned stands may be on a trajectory to recover pre-fire characteristics, although this recovery is spatially variable. However, full recovery has not occurred 80 years after the 1940's fire. Currently, these burned areas resemble grasslands or savannas. They do not provide the habitat or ecosystem services that denser forests do and may require active restoration to fully recover their pre-fire characteristics.Fil: Ruggirello, Matthew. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Fulé, Peter Z.. Northern Arizona University.; Estados UnidosFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Fruit provision from Berberis microphylla shrubs as ecosystem service in Nothofagus forest of Tierra del Fuego

Berry production is a non-wood product worldwide recognized by its nutritional value and taste, but the most studied species are non-native commercial plants in productive areas, leaving aside native berries. We propose that native berries (Berberis microphylla G.Forst) naturally growing in degradation forests areas could diversify livestock establishment production and complement traditional uses (e.g., livestock). The aims of this work were to 1) environmentally characterize (e.g., soil nutrient content and physical conditions, air conditions and photosynthetically active radiation) in three degraded Nothofagus antarctica Oerst. forest (due to past fires and livestock use) of Tierra del Fuego; and 2) evaluate berries production of B. microphylla in terms of quality production (e.g., fruit number and weigh per shrub) and in terms of quality (individual fruit weight, fruit pulp percentage, and soluble solids content) to assess provisioning ecosystem service of this native shrub in different degraded areas. Studied sites were defined as: 1) Severe soil degradation condition (SEV) (high frequency of horses, bulls and some native guanacos year round, severe soil erosion, and shorter herbaceous layer), 2) Moderate soil degradation condition (MOD) (cattle and guanaco year round, intermediate level of soil erosion and intermediate height of herbaceous layer), and 3) Slight soil degradation condition (SLI) (livestock only during winter, but high frequency of native guanacos, lower soil erosion and taller herbaceous layer). (SEV) had the highest air and soil temperature, least soils nutrients content, highest bulk density, the least soil water content and the poorest fruit production. (MOD) had the highest soil water content and nutrient-rich soils, while (SLI) had the highest relative air humidity and PAR. B. microphylla shrubs grow with similar morphology on the different soil degraded condition. The highest fruit production were at (SLI), however the (SEV) had the highest soluble solids. We conclude that calafate shrubs in degraded Nothofagus forests offer a provisioning ecosystem service through their excellent fruits quality. Livestock farms could diversify their production through native fruits taking advantage of the altered areas occupied by B. microphylla. However, we recommend avoiding intensive livestock use in burned forests since it could lead to an irreversible soil erosion. Proper livestock management in Nothofagus burned forest could keep over the time not only the recognized ecosystem provision services (fruits, meat, wood), but also those of regulation and support that calafate shrubs offer and that make the functionality of the ecosystem.Fil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Arena, Miriam Elisabet. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Supervivencia y crecimiento de plántulas de Nothofagus antarctica bajo la influencia de Berberis microphylla

La presencia de arbustos en bosques degradados puede favorecer la supervivencia de las plántulas leñosas que están expuestas a condiciones ambientales desfavorables y al sobrepastoreo. En el Ecotono de Tierra del Fuego se evaluó la supervivencia y el crecimiento de plántulas de Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) bajo y fuera de la copa de Berberis microphylla (calafate) diferenciando el efecto de herbivoría. Para ello se seleccionaron tres potreros afectados por fuego y con presencia de ganado donde se identificaron 3 sitios. En cada sitio se clausuraron 5 calafates y otros 5 quedaron expuestos al ganado. Luego se plantaron 10 ñires (2-3 años) fuera de la copa de cada calafate y 10 bajo su influencia. En el año 2018 y 2019 se evaluó el porcentaje de supervivencia, el diámetro a la altura del cuello (DAC), la altura (H), el largo de la hoja (L) y el número de hojas (n°h). Se observó que bajo la copa del calafate las plantas tuvieron en promedio menor n°h (2,99), mayor L (5,21 mm) y H (2,52 cm) en comparación con las que estaban fuera del mismo (3,77, 4,78 mm y 2,25cm, respectivamente). Las plántulas dentro de la clausura tuvieron en promedio significativamente menor DAC (0,36 mm) y n°h (3,18) (p0,05). Además, se detectó un efecto significativo del potrero sobre la supervivencia de las plántulas, ya que cada uno presentó condiciones microclimáticas distintas. Se observa una respuesta morfológica de las plántulas de ñire al microclima que genera el arbusto. Si bien estos resultados son preliminares, se espera que el efecto de protección contra herbívoros se evidencie en el transcurso del tiempo.Fil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Arena, Miriam Elisabet. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler, Rosina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaIV Jornadas Forestales de Patagonia Sur y IV Congreso Internacional Agroforestal PatagónicoUshuaiaArgentinaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones CientíficasMinisterio de Agricultura Ganadería y PescaUniversidad Nacional de Tierra del FuegoInstituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaAsociación Rural de Tierra del Fueg

Servicios Ecosistémicos derivados de la asociación espacial de Nothofagus antarctica y Berberis microphylla

Los incendios forestales conllevan a un estado de degradación difícil de revertir, sin embargo el estrato arbustivo que regenera puede brindar beneficios al hombre y a la biodiversidad. Se evaluaron los Servicios Ecosistémicos de: (1) provisión, (2) regulación y (3) soporte que surgen de la asociación de Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) y Berberis microphylla (calafate). Para (1) se relevó la cantidad y calidad de frutos producidos en arbustos de calafate con volúmenes variables (5,7-260,6 m3). En (2) se midió la protección que ejerce el calafate sobre el ñire ante condiciones climáticas rigurosas y herbivoría. Para ello, se elaboró un índice en base al % del árbol ramoneado (0= 0%, 1= 1-25%, 2= 26-60% y 3 ≥ 61%). Finalmente para (3) se midió la altura promedio de plantas vasculares. Resultados: (1) Se observó gran variabilidad en la producción (1-168 bayas/arbusto), siendo similar en los campos estudiados (p=0,089). El mayor peso de frutos/arbusto fue 35,33g (p=0,002) y el máximo valor de sólidos solubles fue 24,65°Bx (p=0,003). 2) La radiación fotosintéticamente activa, las temperaturas de aire y suelo fueron menores debajo (p<0,001) (170,7 nm; 4,6°C y 3,9°C) que fuera del calafate (864,6 nm; 5,3°C y 5,5°C). En contraste, la humedad relativa fue mayor debajo (73,86%) (p <0,001) que fuera de la copa (67,49%), mientras que la densidad aparente del suelo fue menor en el interior (0,65 g/cm3) (p<0,001) que en el exterior (0,83 g/cm3). El ramoneo ocurrió a mayor altura (51,84 cm) (p<0,001) y en menor intensidad (1,85) (p<0,001) en la asociación. La altura de ramoneo se correlacionó directa y positivamente con la altura de los arbustos (r²=0,61). (3) Bajo la copa, la vegetación tuvo significativamente mayor altura (19,94 cm) (p<0,0001) que fuera (14,39 cm). La asociación ñire-calafate genera beneficios que pueden contribuir a la sustentabilidad socioeconómica y a la conservación de la biodiversidad.Fil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler, Rosina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Arena, Miriam E.. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaIV Jornadas Forestales de Patagonia Sur y IV Congreso Internacional Agroforestal PatagónicoUshuaiaArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaUniversidad Nacional de Tres de FebreroGobierno de Tierra del FuegoConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científica

Natural regeneration attributes in ñire (Nothofagus antarctica) forests of Tierra del Fuego: benefits and detriments associated to silvopastoral use

Seedlings are the early and most fragile phase of the tree’s life. Also, they will define the capacity of forest ecosystem to continue in time and space. Knowledge about the natural regeneration dynamic under silvopastoral management is essential, not only to define the quantity and quality of seedlings, but also to identify which attributes of natural regeneration are benefited and which ones are negatively affected by the silvopastoral use of forests. This work was carried out in ñire (Nothofagus antarctica) forests and the objective was to evaluate the effect of silvopastoral use on forest regeneration (seedling growth, age, origin) over time, and to assess the incidence of different types of damage. We found that the silvopastoral use favors some attributes of ñire regeneration that would allow the maintenance of the tree layer in the future. Among these attributes, a greater probability of seedling survival than unmanaged forests, the presence of resprouting plants with higher growth rate and higher biomass accumulation than seedlings, and the increase of spatial aggregation of seedlings that could be helpful over the livestock impact. However, other attributes were negatively affected by silvopastoral use, e.g., a greater proportion of seedlings damaged by browsing, a lower proportion of seedlings originated by seed which could reduce the genetic diversity in the future, lack of tree regeneration in some sectors of forest floor by aggregation of seedlings in others. We consider that silvopastoral management plans should gear strategies toward minimizing the negative effects of silvopastoral use (e.g., seedling plantation in non-regenerative sectors), and enhancing the positive effects it generates (e.g., thinning to promote the growth of seedlings already installed) to ensure the tree layer maintenance and the ecosystem services it provides.Fil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Lencinas, María Vanessa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Manipulating Mammal Herbivory in South Patagonia Forests: Effects on Plant Species Assemblage, Survival and Short-Term Growth Response of Nothofagus antarctica Seedlings

Livestock browsing and large wild herbivores in forested areas have been perceived as conflicting with silviculture and forest conservation for long time. However, silvopastoral systems in native forests entail livestock manipulation in space and time, to reduce negative impacts on forest structure and dynamics. In 2014, we established eight 15×15m fences (and the respective control plots with browsing) in four Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) silvopastoral sites in Tierra del Fuego Island, to protect tree seedlings and vegetation from cattle and guanaco browsing. After five growing seasons, the exclusion treatment favored regeneration of ñire by reducing browsing pressure while increasing seedling growth rate, though the effect on seedling survival was weak. Soil moisture increased while soil compaction decreased over years in all fields, though the fences effect was weak. Palatable forbs (e.g., Taraxacum sp., Osmorhiza sp.) and grasses (e.g., Agrostis sp., Bromus unioloides) increased much more in abundance and height than ñire seedlings within fences. Thus, the use of exclusion treatments to manipulate browsing impact enhance short-term growth of ñire regeneration in south Patagonia forests used for cattle production. However, a negative effect by competing understory vegetation in fences probably also occur in the long term.Fil: Soler, Rosina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina1st International Electronic Conference on ForestsBasileaSuizaMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institut

Nothofagus pumilio regeneration failure following wildfire in the sub-Antarctic forests of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

Wildfires on the island of Tierra del Fuego in southern Argentina are not considered to have been a historic driver of forest dynamics. However, dramatic increases in the human population of the island over the last half-century have greatly increased fire ignition sources and thus the frequency of wildfires in the region. Lenga (Nothofagus pumilio (Poep. et Endl.) Krasser) forests support diverse ecosystem services by providing habitat for endemic f lora and fauna and also represent a valuable timber resource for the forest industry of Tierra del Fuego. Evaluating the impact of forest fires on lenga regeneration is important not only because lenga is a native, slow-growing species that seems to lack adaptations that would allow it to recover rapidly after fire, but also because low tree species diversity on the island of Tierra del Fuego means lenga post-fire regeneration failure may lead to ecosystem state shifts. To determine how site characteristics and fire-impacted variables modulate post-fire regeneration densities and spatial patterns in lenga forests, we installed 192 plots (160 burned, 32 unburned) in which we measured site-characteristic (e.g. aspect, elevation) and fire-impacted (e.g. basal area, canopy cover) variables and tallied seedlings and saplings. Regeneration densities were significantly lower in burned than unburned plots. This was exacerbated with increasing distance from the unburned forest edge. Increasing distance to live trees that either survived fire or were outside the burned area negatively impacted regeneration as well. Time since fire negatively affected sapling, but not seedling counts. We concluded that lenga regeneration in the interior of burned areas is largely absent, delaying and potentially preventing forest recovery. These interior areas of burned lenga forests are unlikely to regenerate closed-canopy tree cover through passive restoration alone. Active restoration may be needed in these critical areas where live legacy trees are not present.Fil: Ruggirello, Matthew. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Variability in fruit traits and anthocyanin content among and within populations of underutilized Patagonian species Berberis microphylla G. Forst

BACKGROUND:The Berberis microphylla (calafate) is an evergreen shrub considered a non-timber product from the Patagonian forest, relevant for the diversification of agrifood production, particularly interesting since its black–blue fruits are extremely rich in phenolic compounds. OBJECTIVE:The main objectives were to: (1) quantify the variability of fruit traits, anthocyanin content, efficiency of the reproductive shoots and leaf nutrient content within the set of 34 B. microphylla wild accessions from Tierra del Fuego Island, Argentina, (2) calculate the coefficients of correlation between variables and (3) detect relationships between the genotypes. METHODS:Plants growing near Ushuaia city (n = 12), bordering Fagnano lake (n = 12) and central area of the Tierra del Fuego Island (n = 10) were selected. RESULTS:A significant variability in fruit traits, anthocyanin content and the efficiency of reproductive shoots among and within the three populations was assessed, a result with great relevance for breeding purposes. Phenotypic plasticity was related with the environmental conditions, i.e. air temperatures for each population during the three monitored growing seasons. CONCLUSIONS:Overall, results indicate that yearly environmental factors play a relevant role in phenotypic variation of both individual plants and populations, thus confirming the complexity of wild species evolution and domestication processes.Fil: Arena, Miriam Elisabet. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Giordani, Edgardo. Università degli Studi di Firenze; ItaliaFil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Radice, Silvia. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Berberis microphylla: a component to protect regeneration of Nothofagus antartica in silvopastoral systems, Argentina

Cumulative effects of several anthropic disturbances in native forest makes the regeneration of woody species more difficult. In silvopastoral systems where the impact of herbivory is constant, protective species play a fundamental role to ensure tree seedlings establishment. In Tierra del Fuego, Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) forests were intervened to maximize livestock, but some sectors were burned and overgrazed resulting in a degradation hardly reversible. In these sites, the spiny shrub Berberis microphylla (calafate) grows naturally and vigorously after fire, being less palatable for livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible nursing effect of calafate shrubs on ñire seedlings in silvopastoral systems of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. We established a manipulative assay by planting ñire seedlings (2-3 years) under and out of the crown influence of calafate shrubs during spring 2017. After 3 months, we analysed seedling survival and growth: diameter (DAC), height (H), leaf number (LN), leaf size (LL, LW). In addition, in eight different sites we compared isolated advanced regeneration, tree height (HA), shrub height (HC) and browse intensity. The manipulative assay showed that 50% of ñire seedlings survived regardless of the location (under/out of shrub crown). DAC ofthan out of shrub crown (DAC: 0.34mm, H: 2.18cm). Seedlings under shrubs had fewer leaves (LN: 2.87, LL: 4.63, LW: 4.28). Tree-shrub association in comparison to isolated advanced regeneration showed that the browse height was higher (52.2±23.9 cm) and of lower intensity (1.8±3.0 cm) when trees were associated with shrubs compared to isolated trees (34.3±16.8cm and 2.2±2.0 cm, respectively). In addition, ñire trees had higher height in association withshrubs (101.2±54.1 cm) than ñire alone (75.1±39.7 cm). In addition, browsing height was show evidence of some competition for light it is evident that ñire manages to develop under the shrub. It is expected that over time protected plants by shrubs achieve greater survival than those exposed to livestock. Our results also provide evidence of the protective role of calafate shrub: although it does not escape browsing damage, it acts as a deterrent to protect advanced regeneration of ñire. Furthermore, seedling plantation under shrub is applicable to possible restoration actions of degraded forest areas.Fil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Arena, Miriam E.. Universidad de Moron. Facultad de Agronomia y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Blazina, Ana Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Soler, Rosina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina4th World Congress on AgroforestryMontpellierFranciaCentre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développemen

Nothofagus antarctica seedling performance under the influence of Berberis microphylla shrubs with different grazing intensities in burned forests of Tierra del Fuego

Fire and grazing in forest ecosystems modify the characteristics of plant communities, favoring colonization by sprouting shrub species. These shrubs may offer protection and facilitate greater survival in slow-growing species, which are less tolerant of biotic and abiotic stressors. The objective of this study was to evaluate Nothofagus antarctica seedling performance (survival, morphology, water potential, and biomass) under the influence of Berberis microphylla shrubs in sites with different grazing use intensities in burned forests in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. For that, four treatment were established: N. antarctica seedlings planted a) with fence-under shrub b) with fence-outside shrub c) without fence-under shrub d) without fence-outside shrub. Edaphoclimatic conditions were measured inside and outside the shrub at the beginning of the experiment and seedling's performance was measured each summer from 2018 to 2020. Results showed that B. microphylla created favorable edaphoclimatic condition under its canopy. There was lower soil bulk density, cover of bare soil, PAR, soil and air temperatures, but also higher relative humidity, pH, and vegetation cover. N. antarctica seedlings growing under B. microphylla shrubs had less leaf number, but the survival and the other morphological variables were similar to those growing with fenced outside the shrub. Therefore, B. microphylla shrubs provide physical protection against livestock and generate a favorable microenvironment for N. antarctica seedlings in sites with a high grazing use intensity that negatively affect N. antarctica seedlings. To restore burned or degraded landscapes, our study results suggest that fencing N. antarctica seedlings or planting them under the cover of shrubs to protect N. antarctica seedlings from biotic (herbivore) and abiotic (edaphoclimatic) stress.Fil: Bustamante, Gimena Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Arena, Miriam Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias. Laboratorio de Investigaciones En Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad de Moron. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnologia. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vida.; ArgentinaFil: Mosquera, M.R.. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela; EspañaFil: Soler Esteban, Rosina Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin