Evolutionary biology: a basic science for psychiatry?

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65529/1/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03234.x.pd

FORMAÇÃO DE VÍNCULOS PROFISSIONAIS PARA O TRABALHO EM EQUIPE NA ENFERMAGEM

This article resulted from research that aimed to build a strategy of team work in nursing, to promote interpersonal relationships (Professional ties), to reach a therapeutic care committed to users of health services. The methodology is supported by the constructivist current and included the following phases: Interview and observation. After the data analysis these themes emerged: Individual and group position in the micro area of activity; movement of group relationships; communication process; continuing education; professional competence. Strategies for team work in nursing are based on the theoretical foundations of the dynamics of group interplay, providing a new look at the management role of the nurse in the creation and establishment of professional links, in which interpersonal relationships can promote critical, reflective, and participatory praxis.Este artículo es resultado de la investigación que tuvo como objetivo construir una estrategia de trabajo en equipo en enfermería para favorecer las relaciones interpersonales, o sea, los vínculos profesionales, para el alcance de un cuidado terapéutico comprometido con las personas usuarias de los servicios de salud. La metodología tiene respaldo en la corriente constructivista y contó con las siguientes fases: entrevista y observación. Después del análisis de los datos surgieron los temas: posición individual y grupal en el microespacio de actuación; movimiento de las relaciones grupales; proceso de comunicación; educación continuada; competencia profesional. Las estrategias para el trabajo en equipo en enfermería se basan en los fundamentos teóricos de la dinámica de las interrelaciones grupales, determinando una nueva mirada para la función gerencial del enfermero, a partir de la formación y afirmación de los vínculos profesionales que agreguen, en los cuales las relaciones interpersonales puedan favorecer una praxis crítica, reflexiva y participativa.Este artigo é resultado da investigação que teve como objetivo construir uma estratégia de trabalho em equipe na enfermagem, para favorecer as relações interpessoais, ou seja, os vínculos profissionais, para o alcançe de um cuidado terapéutico comprometido com os usuários dos serviços de saúde. A metodologia tem o respaldo na corrente construtivista e conto com as seguintes fases: entrevista e observação. Depois da análise dos dados surgiram os temas: posição individual e grupal no micro espaço de atuação; movimiento das relações grupais; proceso de comunicação; educação continuada; competencia profissional. As estratégias para o trabalho na equipe em enfermagem tem base nos fundamentos teóricos da dinâmica das interrelações grupais, determinando um novo olhar para a função gerencial do enfermeiro, a partir da formação e afirmação dos vínculos profissionais, nos quais as relações interpessoais podem favorecer uma praxis crítica, reflexiva e participativ

NG2 and phosphacan are present in the astroglial scar after human traumatic spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND: A major class of axon growth-repulsive molecules associated with CNS scar tissue is the family of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) has demonstrated rapid re-expression of CSPGs at and around the lesion site. The pharmacological digestion of CSPGs in such lesion models results in substantially enhanced axonal regeneration and a significant functional recovery. The potential therapeutic relevance of interfering with CSPG expression or function following experimental injuries seems clear, however, the spatio-temporal pattern of expression of individual members of the CSPG family following human spinal cord injury is only poorly defined. In the present correlative investigation, the expression pattern of CSPG family members NG2, neurocan, versican and phosphacan was studied in the human spinal cord. METHODS: An immunohistochemical investigation in post mortem samples of control and lesioned human spinal cords was performed. All patients with traumatic SCI had been clinically diagnosed as having "complete" injuries and presented lesions of the maceration type. RESULTS: In sections from control spinal cord, NG2 immunoreactivity was restricted to stellate-shaped cells corresponding to oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The distribution patterns of phosphacan, neurocan and versican in control human spinal cord parenchyma were similar, with a fine reticular pattern being observed in white matter (but also located in gray matter for phosphacan). Neurocan staining was also associated with blood vessel walls. Furthermore, phosphacan, neurocan and versican were present in the myelin sheaths of ventral and dorsal nerve roots axons. After human SCI, NG2 and phosphacan were both detected in the evolving astroglial scar. Neurocan and versican were detected exclusively in the lesion epicentre, being associated with infiltrating Schwann cells in the myelin sheaths of invading peripheral nerve fibres from lesioned dorsal roots. CONCLUSION: NG2 and phosphacan were both present in the evolving astroglial scar and, therefore, might play an important role in the blockade of successful CNS regeneration. Neurocan and versican, however, were located at the lesion epicentre, associated with Schwann cell myelin on regenerating peripheral nerve fibres, a distribution that was unlikely to contribute to failed CNS axon regeneration. The present data points to the importance of such correlative investigations for demonstrating the clinical relevance of experimental data

Anatomy of the online dating romance scam

The Online Dating Romance Scam is a relatively new form of online fraud. This article draws from three qualitative studies: an analysis of posts from a public online support group, in-depth interviews with victims of this crime and an interview with a Serious Organised Crime Agency officer to outline the anatomy of this scam. It is argued here that there are five distinct stages of this crime. In Stage 1, the criminal creates an attractive profile to draw in the victim; in Stage 2, the criminal grooms the victim, priming them to send money; in Stage 3, the criminal begins to request funds from the victim (there a four potential trajectories at this stage); in Stage 4, which only a few went through, the victim is sexually abused via cybersex; and finally Stage 5 is the revelation. Understanding the anatomy of this scam is important for prevention as well as psychological treatment

The adaptive functions of jealousy

Jealousy is a troublesome emotional experience for those afflicted by its onset. The grip of the “green-eyed monster” has been known to cause misery and produce some drastic coping behaviors ranging from paranoid stalking to violent aggression. But rather than a product of civilized culture gone wrong or a mental disorder as some thinkers have claimed jealousy to be, the current chapter proposes from an evolutionary perspective that jealousy plays an important role in our lives by serving a critical adaptive function for humans—the vigilance over and protection of relationships that are valuable to us

Distinguishing Family from Friends

Kinship and friendship are key human relationships. Increasingly, data suggest that people are not less altruistic toward friends than close kin. Some accounts suggest that psychologically we do not distinguish between them; countering this is evidence that kinship provides a unique explanatory factor. Using the Implicit Association Test, we examined how people implicitly think about close friends versus close kin in three contexts. In Experiment 1, we examined generic attitudinal dispositions toward friends and family. In Experiment 2, attitude similarity as a marker of family and friends was examined, and in Experiments 3 and 4, strength of in-group membership for family and friends was examined. Findings show that differences exist in implicit cognitive associations toward family and friends. There is some evidence that people hold more positive general dispositions toward friends, associate attitude similarity more with friends, consider family as more representative of the in-group than friends, but see friends as more in-group than distant kin