180 research outputs found
Morphodynamics, sedimentation and sediment dynamics of a gravel beach
The morphodyiiamics of a gravel barrier beadi in Devon, \JK (Slaptou Sands: tau/S 0.15 - 0.25,
D50 2 - 8min), was studied with reference to its sedimentology. Three time scales were sampled for
nearshore hydrodynamics, intertidal morphologies and sediirientologies. A series of surveys were
carried out over individual tidal cycles (samphng every 5 - lOmins for between 6 and 91irs); on
•consecutive low tides over half-lunar tidal cycles (1 -2 cross-shore profiles-sampled every 0.5 - Ini,
on 2 spring - spring tidal cycles comprising 26 and 24 tides, respectively); and finally eveiy 2 weeks
at spring low tide, over 1 calendar year (13-17 profile lines survej'ed and sampled for sediment over
3.25 - 4.251an).
In order to further our understanding of gravel beaches, sediment data needs to, be collected at a
resolution similar to that of the hydrodynamics. Innovative automatic sediment sizing techniques
based on digital images of sediments were therefore developed, and software written, to allow the
collection and analysis of high-resolution sediment data.
The gi-avel beach step and berm are accretionaiy features, tidally modulated, and evolve under
different time scales. A new technique to determine bed mobility from the nearshore, using
underwater ^adeo cameras, was devised. Nearsliore sediment transport was suggested as being
related to sub-incident wave frequencies.
No aspect of morphological change could be found to havea statistically significant association
with sedimentological change, but dimensional-reduction techniques did satisfactorily detect
association. The lack of co-variance and obvious patterns is stochastic noise, not
• parameterisation.
Over one year, the barrier underwent asymmetrical rotation over one year, highlighting the
importance of alongshore sediment transport processes on this supposedly 'swash aligned' beach.
A statistical model based on the log-hj'perbolic distribution of sinface particle sizes was found
to be a reasonable predictor of mean net sedimentation over individual tides. Its complicated
parameter space could possibly map'onto a simpler plane based on traditional moments. Sediment
trend vector models based on sorting alone out-performed a traditional approach. Moments of a
surface grain-size'distribution appear to be inappropriate to characterise sedimentological change
at time-scales gi-eater than a semi-diurnal tidal cycle. Sub-surface sampling on the intertidal zone
on diurnal and semi-lunar time-scales is useful in assessing the dynamics of the step, itself an
important mechanism for onshore and offshore net volumetric transport.School of Geograph
Evaluating unsupervised methods to size and classify suspended particles using digital in-line holography
Substantial information can be gained from digital in-line holography of marine particles, eliminating depth-of-field and focusing errors associated with standard lens-based imagingmethods.However, for the technique to reach its full potential in oceanographic research, fully unsupervised (automated) methods are required for focusing, segmentation, sizing, and classification of particles. These computational challenges are the subject of this paper, in which the authors draw upon data collected using a variety of holographic systems developed at Plymouth University, United Kingdom, from a significant range of particle types, sizes, and shapes. A new method for noise reduction in reconstructed planes is found to be successful in aiding particle segmentation and sizing. The performance of an automated routine for deriving particle characteristics (and subsequent size distributions) is evaluated against equivalent size metrics obtained by a trained operative measuring grain axes on screen. The unsupervised method is found to be reliable, despite some errors resulting from oversegmentation of particles. A simple unsupervised particle classification system is developed and is capable of successfully differentiating sand grains, bubbles, and diatoms from within the surfzone. Avoiding miscounting bubbles and biological particles as sand grains enables more accurate estimates of sand concentrations and is especially important in deployments of particle monitoring instrumentation in aerated water. Perhaps the greatest potential for further development in the computational aspects of particle holography is in the area of unsupervised particle classification. The simple method proposed here provides a foundation upon which further development could lead to reliable identification of more complex particle populations, such as those containing phytoplankton, zooplankton, flocculated cohesive sediments, and oil droplets
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Falls Among Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether differences in reported fall rates exist between different ethnic groups. Searches were carried out on four databases: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Web of Science. Only English language studies with community-dwelling participants aged 60 + years were included. Studies also needed to compare fall prevalence for at least two or more ethnic groups. Two reviewers independently screened all articles and evaluated study quality. Twenty-three articles were included for systematic review, and meta-analyses were carried out on the 16 retrospective studies that reported falls in the previous 12 months. The Asian group demonstrated significantly lower fall prevalence than all other ethnic groups at 13.89% (10.87, 16.91). The Hispanic group had a fall prevalence of 18.54% (12.95, 24.13), closely followed by the Black group at 18.60% (13.27, 23.93). The White group had the highest prevalence at 23.77% (18.66, 28.88). Some studies provided adjusted estimates of effect statistics for the odds/risk of falls, which showed that differences still existed between some ethnic groups even after adjusting for other risk factors. Overall, differences in fall prevalence do appear to exist between different ethnic groups, although the reasons for these differences currently remain undetermined and require further investigation. These findings highlight the need to provide more ethnically tailored responses to public health challenges, which could potentially increase the adherence to prevention interventions, and allow for a more targeted use of resources
Spirituality and Basketball Fanship: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Synthesis
The world of competitive sport affords an individual the opportunity to enter a spiritual community
adding meaning that transcends one’s current understanding of life (Parry et al. 2007). Previously
established dimensions of sports fanship (group affiliation, psychological commitment and team
identification) share characteristics commonly associated with religious or spiritual affiliation
indicating that fans may generate substantial life meaning from observing sporting encounters. In the
present study, 12 male basketball fans (M=32.42; SD=7.97) completed semi-structured interviews
immediately prior to viewing a competitive match at the 2011 European Basketball Championships
(Vilnius, Lithuania). Interviews were structured under four headings; 1) the most memorable moment
as a basketball fan, 2) thoughts, feelings and emotions attached to their team, 3) affiliation to the team
in the context of the fan’s meaning of life, 4) connection with members of the fan’s sporting community.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed to analyse interview transcripts. Raw data
clustered into four dimensions; 1) devotion, 2) obscure emotions, 3) connectedness, and 4) universal
values. The results indicate that sports fanship is characterised by, and synonymous with, an established
understanding of spirituality derived from membership of wider spiritual and/or religious communities.
The findings hold implications for the marketing and membership of local, amateur and professional
sports clubs and brands, as well as community development, health and welfare
The Early Palomar Program (1950-1955) for the Discovery of Classical Novae in M81: Analysis of the Spatial Distribution, Magnitude Distribution, and Distance Suggestion
Data obtained in the 1950-1955 Palomar campaign for the discovery of
classical novae in M81 are set out in detail. Positions and apparent B
magnitudes are listed for the 23 novae that were found. There is modest
evidence that the spatial distribution of the novae does not track the B
brightness distribution of either the total light or the light beyond an
isophotal radius that is 70\arcsec from the center of M81. The nova
distribution is more extended than the aforementioned light, with a significant
fraction of the sample appearing in the outer disk/spiral arm region. We
suggest that many (perhaps a majority) of the M81 novae that are observed at
any given epoch (compared with say years ago) are daughters of
Population I interacting binaries. The conclusion that the present day novae
are drawn from two population groups, one from low mass white dwarf secondaries
of close binaries identified with the bulge/thick disk population, and the
other from massive white dwarf secondaries identified with the outer thin
disk/spiral arm population, is discussed. We conclude that the M81 data are
consistent with the two population division as argued previously from (1) the
observational studies on other grounds by Della Valle et al. (1992, 1994),
Della Valle & Livio (1998), and Shafter et al. (1996) of nearby galaxies, (2)
the Hatano et al. (1997a,b) Monte Carlo simulations of novae in M31 and in the
Galaxy, and (3) the Yungelson et al. (1997) population synthesis modeling of
nova binaries. Two different methods of using M81 novae as distance indicators
give a nova distance modulus for M81 as , consistent with the
Cepheid modulus that is the same value.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures, accepted to PAS
Studying the Pulsation of Mira Variables in the Ultraviolet
We present results from an empirical study of the Mg II h & k emission lines
of selected Mira variable stars, using spectra from the International
Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE). The stars all exhibit similar Mg II behavior during
the course of their pulsation cycles. The Mg II flux always peaks after optical
maximum near pulsation phase 0.2-0.5, although the Mg II flux can vary greatly
from one cycle to the next. The lines are highly blueshifted, with the
magnitude of the blueshift decreasing with phase. The widths of the Mg II lines
are also phase-dependent, decreasing from about 70 km/s to 40 km/s between
phase 0.2 and 0.6. We also study other UV emission lines apparent in the IUE
spectra, most of them Fe II lines. These lines are much narrower and not nearly
as blueshifted as the Mg II lines. They exhibit the same phase-dependent flux
behavior as Mg II, but they do not show similar velocity or width variations.Comment: 26 pages, 12 figures; AASTEX v5.0 plus EPSF extensions in mkfig.sty;
to appear in Ap
An Analysis of the Shapes of Interstellar Extinction Curves. V. The IR-Through-UV Curve Morphology
We study the IR-through-UV interstellar extinction curves towards 328
Galactic B and late-O stars. We use a new technique which employs stellar
atmosphere models in lieu of unreddened "standard" stars. This technique is
capable of virtually eliminating spectral mismatch errors in the curves. It
also allows a quantitative assessment of the errors and enables a rigorous
testing of the significance of relationships between various curve parameters,
regardless of whether their uncertainties are correlated. Analysis of the
curves gives the following results: (1) In accord with our previous findings,
the central position of the 2175 A extinction bump is mildly variable, its
width is highly variable, and the two variations are unrelated. (2) Strong
correlations are found among some extinction properties within the UV region,
and within the IR region. (3) With the exception of a few curves with extreme
(i.e., large) values of R(V), the UV and IR portions of Galactic extinction
curves are not correlated with each other. (4) The large sightline-to-sightline
variation seen in our sample implies that any average Galactic extinction curve
will always reflect the biases of its parent sample. (5) The use of an average
curve to deredden a spectral energy distribution (SED) will result in
significant errors, and a realistic error budget for the dereddened SED must
include the observed variance of Galactic curves. While the observed large
sightline-to-sightline variations, and the lack of correlation among the
various features of the curves, make it difficult to meaningfully characterize
average extinction properties, they demonstrate that extinction curves respond
sensitively to local conditions. Thus, each curve contains potentially unique
information about the grains along its sightline.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, July 1, 2007. Figures
and Tables which will appear only in the electronic version of the Journal
can be obtained via anonymous ftp from ftp://ftp.astronomy.villanova.edu .
After logging in, change directories to "fitz/FMV_EXTINCTION". A README file
describes the various files present in the director
Standardisation of a mental skills scale in South Africa and the United Kingdom
The contemporary science of sport and exercise psychology requires the standardisation of mental skills questionnaires to facilitate accurate assessment of and intervention for individuals and groups in various health and sport related contexts. The study presents international research findings regarding the standardisation of a Mental Skills Scale with a sample of university students (N=420) from South Africa (n=211) and the United Kingdom (n=209) respectively. Although further international and national standardisation in both English and other languages is recommended, factor and reliability analyses indicated satisfactory validity and reliability of the current English version of the scale
Neurophysiologic, psychological, sport and health dimensions of three meditation techniques
The aim of this study was to record experiences of three meditation conditions: Ratio Breathing, Transcendental Meditation and Zazen, with special reference to sport, health, neuro-physiology and sense of coherence. The participants (N=9), seven males and two females were all British, actively competing across a range of individual and team sports, with no experience of using meditation techniques or practices in their sporting or daily lives. Their mean age was 31.56 years with an age range of 22 to 44 years. The study employed a within-subjects, repeated measures design, with each participant practising each meditation condition in a randomly counterbalanced order. Integrative findings support the value of all three meditation conditions for health and to a lesser extent for sport, especially with regard to their effect on focus. All three meditation conditions were associated with a decrease in respiration. The differential effect of the meditations was apparent. Participants valued Ratio breathing for its effect on concentration, Transcendental Meditation for its depth of meditation and Zazen for its effect on self and removal of external distractions. These qualitative findings were associated with differentially significant quantitative effects on lowered respiration rate in the Ratio Breathing group, increased physical relaxation and alpha activity in the Transcendental Meditation group, and increases in both alpha and theta activity in the Zazen group
- …