5,960 research outputs found
Approximating incompatible von Neumann measurements simultaneously
We study the problem of performing orthogonal qubit measurements
simultaneously. Since these measurements are incompatible, one has to accept
additional imprecision. An optimal joint measurement is the one with the least
possible imprecision. All earlier considerations of this problem have concerned
only joint measurability of observables, while in this work we also take into
account conditional state transformations (i.e., instruments). We characterize
the optimal joint instrument for two orthogonal von Neumann instruments as
being the Luders instrument of the optimal joint observable.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures; v2 has a more extensive introduction + other
minor correction
Tumbleweeds and airborne gravitational noise sources for LIGO
Gravitational-wave detectors are sensitive not only to astrophysical
gravitational waves, but also to the fluctuating Newtonian gravitational forces
of moving masses in the ground and air around the detector. This paper studies
the gravitational effects of density perturbations in the atmosphere, and from
massive airborne objects near the detector. These effects were previously
considered by Saulson; in this paper I revisit these phenomena, considering
transient atmospheric shocks, and the effects of sound waves or objects
colliding with the ground or buildings around the test masses. I also consider
temperature perturbations advected past the detector as a source of
gravitational noise. I find that the gravitational noise background is below
the expected noise floor even of advanced interferometric detectors, although
only by an order of magnitude for temperature perturbations carried along
turbulent streamlines. I also find that transient shockwaves in the atmosphere
could potentially produce large spurious signals, with signal-to-noise ratios
in the hundreds in an advanced interferometric detector. These signals could be
vetoed by means of acoustic sensors outside of the buildings. Massive
wind-borne objects such as tumbleweeds could also produce gravitational signals
with signal-to-noise ratios in the hundreds if they collide with the
interferometer buildings, so it may be necessary to build fences preventing
such objects from approaching within about 30m of the test masses.Comment: 15 pages, 10 PostScript figures, uses REVTeX4.cls and epsfig.st
The Standard Model of Quantum Measurement Theory: History and Applications
The standard model of the quantum theory of measurement is based on an
interaction Hamiltonian in which the observable-to-be-measured is multiplied
with some observable of a probe system. This simple Ansatz has proved extremely
fruitful in the development of the foundations of quantum mechanics. While the
ensuing type of models has often been argued to be rather artificial, recent
advances in quantum optics have demonstrated their prinicpal and practical
feasibility. A brief historical review of the standard model together with an
outline of its virtues and limitations are presented as an illustration of the
mutual inspiration that has always taken place between foundational and
experimental research in quantum physics.Comment: 22 pages, to appear in Found. Phys. 199
SIC-POVMs and the Extended Clifford Group
We describe the structure of the extended Clifford Group (defined to be the
group consisting of all operators, unitary and anti-unitary, which normalize
the generalized Pauli group (or Weyl-Heisenberg group as it is often called)).
We also obtain a number of results concerning the structure of the Clifford
Group proper (i.e. the group consisting just of the unitary operators which
normalize the generalized Pauli group). We then investigate the action of the
extended Clifford group operators on symmetric informationally complete POVMs
(or SIC-POVMs) covariant relative to the action of the generalized Pauli group.
We show that each of the fiducial vectors which has been constructed so far
(including all the vectors constructed numerically by Renes et al) is an
eigenvector of one of a special class of order 3 Clifford unitaries. This
suggests a strengthening of a conjuecture of Zauner's. We give a complete
characterization of the orbits and stability groups in dimensions 2-7. Finally,
we show that the problem of constructing fiducial vectors may be expected to
simplify in the infinite sequence of dimensions 7, 13, 19, 21, 31,... . We
illustrate this point by constructing exact expressions for fiducial vectors in
dimensions 7 and 19.Comment: 27 pages. Version 2 contains some additional discussion of Zauner's
original conjecture, and an alternative, possibly stronger version of the
conjecture in version 1 of this paper; also a few other minor improvement
Low-density, one-dimensional quantum gases in a split trap
We investigate degenerate quantum gases in one dimension trapped in a
harmonic potential that is split in the centre by a pointlike potential. Since
the single particle eigenfunctions of such a system are known for all strengths
of the central potential, the dynamics for non-interacting fermionic gases and
low-density, strongly interacting bosonic gases can be investigated exactly
using the Fermi-Bose mapping theorem. We calculate the exact many-particle
ground-state wave-functions for both particle species, investigate soliton-like
solutions, and compare the bosonic system to the well-known physics of Bose
gases described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We also address the
experimentally important questions of creation and detection of such states.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Does My Stigma Look Big in This? Considering the acceptability and desirability in the inclusive design of technology products
This paper examines the relationship between stigmatic effects of design of technology products for the older and disabled and contextualizes this within wider social themes such as the functional, social, medical and technology models of disability. Inclusive design approaches are identified as unbiased methods for designing for the wider population that may accommodate the needs and desires of people with impairments, therefore reducing ’aesthetic stigma’. Two case studies illustrate stigmatic and nonstigmatic designs
Pb and Bi L-Subshell Ionization Cross-Section Ratios Versus Proton Bombarding Energy from 0.5 to 4 MeV
Experimental ratios of L-subshell cross sections are given for ionization of lead and bismuth by 0.5-4-MeV-proton bombardment. The ratio of the LII to LI cross sections exhibits a maximum near 1.75 MeV. Individual subshell cross sections are obtained from the experimental ratios and previous total-cross-section data. These subshell ratios and cross sections are compared with the theoretical predictions of the plane-wave Born approximation using nonrelativistic hydrogenic wave functions, of the binary-encounter approximation scaled from Mg K-shell cross sections, and of the binary-encounter approximation scaled from cross sections obtained using L-shell velocity distributions. It was found that both approximations predict the trend of the data for the LII and LIII subshells, but that only the plane-wave Born approximation gave the proper behavior for the LI subshell
Excitation spectrum and instability of a two-species Bose-Einstein condensate
We numerically calculate the density profile and excitation spectrum of a
two-species Bose-Einstein condensate for the parameters of recent experiments.
We find that the ground state density profile of this system becomes unstable
in certain parameter regimes, which leads to a phase transition to a new stable
state. This state displays spontaneously broken cylindrical symmetry. This
behavior is reflected in the excitation spectrum: as we approach the phase
transition point, the lowest excitation frequency goes to zero, indicating the
onset of instability in the density profile. Following the phase transition,
this frequency rises again.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, uses REVTe
Self-adjoint Lyapunov variables, temporal ordering and irreversible representations of Schroedinger evolution
In non relativistic quantum mechanics time enters as a parameter in the
Schroedinger equation. However, there are various situations where the need
arises to view time as a dynamical variable. In this paper we consider the
dynamical role of time through the construction of a Lyapunov variable - i.e.,
a self-adjoint quantum observable whose expectation value varies monotonically
as time increases. It is shown, in a constructive way, that a certain class of
models admit a Lyapunov variable and that the existence of a Lyapunov variable
implies the existence of a transformation mapping the original quantum
mechanical problem to an equivalent irreversible representation. In addition,
it is proved that in the irreversible representation there exists a natural
time ordering observable splitting the Hilbert space at each t>0 into past and
future subspaces.Comment: Accepted for publication in JMP. Supercedes arXiv:0710.3604.
Discussion expanded to include the case of Hamiltonians with an infinitely
degenerate spectru
Symmetric Informationally Complete Quantum Measurements
We consider the existence in arbitrary finite dimensions d of a POVM
comprised of d^2 rank-one operators all of whose operator inner products are
equal. Such a set is called a ``symmetric, informationally complete'' POVM
(SIC-POVM) and is equivalent to a set of d^2 equiangular lines in C^d.
SIC-POVMs are relevant for quantum state tomography, quantum cryptography, and
foundational issues in quantum mechanics. We construct SIC-POVMs in dimensions
two, three, and four. We further conjecture that a particular kind of
group-covariant SIC-POVM exists in arbitrary dimensions, providing numerical
results up to dimension 45 to bolster this claim.Comment: 8 page
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