Accroissement des exportations agricoles et sécurité alimentaire au Viet-nam

peer reviewedLa rénovation des politiques et des méthodes d'action à l'égard de l'agriculture a permis au Viêt-nam de conforter sa position de troisième exportateur mondial de riz. Néanmoins la situation semble moins favorable qu'il n'y paraît. Le marché international du riz est caractérisé par des prix bas et par une forte concurrence entre pays exportateurs. En outre, le marché est réduit et instable. Il s'ensuit que le Viêt-nam, proche de l'autosuffisance, peut tantôt être importateur tantôt exportateur de riz selon les performances enregistrées par les riziculteurs. Cet article analyse les perspectives qui sont actuellement offertes au Viêt-nam en matière de sécurité alimentaire en relation avec l'adoption d'une politique agricole qui encourage l'accroissement des exportations de riz

Impact of the new Common Agricultural Policy (2015-2020) on the value of direct payments and on farmers’ income in Wallonia (South of Belgium)

peer reviewedA new Common Agricultural Policy was defined in 2013, with a new structure for direct payment. In Wallonia, the government implemented the following scheme: 30% for the green payment, 29.9% for the basic payment, 17% for the additional payment for the first 30 ha, 1.8% for young farmers and 21.3% for couple payments. Due to convergence, the mean support through direct payments will decline from 21,900 € in 2014 to 19,283 € in 2019. The number of losers will be equivalent to the number of gainers. Regions where cereals and sugar beet are produced will lose the most, where the region suitable for cattle raising will gain somewhat. There will be a better distribution of direct payments among farmers: the Gini index will decline from 0.55 to 0.49. The highest negative impact on income will occur for the specialties “green crops”, “crops and dairy cattle” and “crops and non-dairy cattle”: the least negative impact will be observed within the specialties “dairy cattle”, “meat cattle” and “dairy and meat cattle”. The reform will be more profitable for the farms from 30 to 50 ha and will mainly impact the largest farms. Finally, the CAP reform implemented in Wallonia guarantees a smooth evolution to 2020

Thermosensitive mutations affecting ribonucleic acid polymerases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

peer reviewedAmong 150 temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants which we have isolated, 15 are specifically affected in ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Four of these mutants exhibit particularly drastic changes and were chosen for a more detailed study. In these four mutants, RNA synthesis is immediately blocked after a shift at the nonpermissive temperature (37 C), protein synthesis decays at a rate compatible with messenger RNA half-life, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis increases by about 40%. All the mutations display a recessive phenotype. The segregation of the four allelic pairs ts-/ts+ in diploids is mendelian, and the four mutants belong to three complementation groups. The elution patterns (diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex) of the three RNA polymerases of the mutants grown at 37 C for 3.5 h show very low residual activities. The in vitro thermodenaturation confirms the in vivo results; the half-lives of the mutant activities at 45 C are 10 times smaller than those of the wild-type enzymes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the synthesis of all species of RNA is thermosensitive. The existence of three distinct genes, which are each indispensable for the activity of the three RNA polymerases in vivo as well as in vitro, strongly favors the hypothesis of three common subunits in the three RNA polymerases

La politique agricole commune de la revue à mi-parcours (2003) au bilan de santé (2009)

This book is a tribute to Professor Albert Ledent, who passed away on October 2, 2017, and is a follow-up to the book "The Common Agricultural Policy - from its origins to the 3rd millennium". It covers the period from the Agenda 2000 mid-term review (2003) to the CAP Health Check in 2009. The book first deals with the measures decided in 2003, which constitute a profound reform of the European agricultural policy, introducing, in particular, the single payment scheme as well as decoupling and conditionality of aid to farmers' income. The second wave of reforms, after arable crops, beef and milk, is also discussed and concerns more particularly olive oil, tobacco, cotton and hops. The sugar sector followed and is the subject, given its importance, of a chapter of its own. The period considered in the book saw the fifth enlargement of the European Union. No less than ten new Member States became members, which had consequences for the CAP and the EU budget; this is why the book analyzes the application of the CAP to these new Member States, as well as their relative weight compared to the "Fifteen". It is thus shown that the CAP has continuously adapted to political, economic and social circumstances. However, questions still remain, even at the time of publication of this book, when the CAP for the period 2021-2027 is being discussed: what future for European agriculture, how to distribute the CAP budget more equitably, how to innovate, how to keep rural areas alive, how to ensure consumer health, how to maintain agricultural employment, etc.? / Cet ouvrage est un hommage au professeur Albert Ledent, disparu le 2 octobre 2017, et fait suite au livre "La politique agricole commune - des origines au 3e millénaire". Il traite de la période allant de la revue à mi-parcours de l'Agenda 2000 (2003) jusqu'au bilan de santé de la PAC en 2009. L'ouvrage traite d'abord des mesures décidées en 2003 qui constituent une réforme profonde de la politique agricole européenne, introduisant, notamment, le régime de paiement unique ainsi que le découplage et la conditionnalité des aides au revenu des agriculteurs. La seconde vague de réformes, après les grandes cultures, la viande bovine et le lait, est également abordée et concerne plus particulièrement l'huile d'olive, le tabac, le coton et le houblon. Le secteur sucre a suivi et fait l'objet, vu son importance, d'un chapitre à part entière. La période considérée dans l'ouvrage a vu se réaliser le cinquième élargissement de l'Union européenne. Pas moins de dix nouveaux Etats sont devenus membres, ceci n'étant pas sans conséquence sur la PAC et le budget de l'UE ; c'est pourquoi l'ouvrage analyse l'application de la PAC à ces nouveaux Etats membres, ainsi que leur poids relatif par rapport aux "Quinze". Il est ainsi montré que la PAC s'est continuellement adaptée aux circonstances politiques, économiques et sociales. Des questions restent cependant toujours en suspens, et cela même à la date de parution de ce livre, alors que l'on discute de la PAC pour la période 2021-2027 : quel avenir pour l'agriculture européenne, comment répartir plus équitablement le budget de la PAC, comment innover, garder vivantes les zones rurales, assurer la santé des consommateurs, maintenir l'emploi agricole, ...

La politique agricole commune : des origines au 3ème millénaire

Lors de l'élaboration du traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne et dès son application, en 1958, l'agriculture n'a cessé de susciter d'âpres débats, renouvelés et renforcés par les élargissements successifs et à l'occasion des négociations commerciales multilatérales. Cependant, la politique agricole commune est restée longtemps la seule construction élaborée par les Etats membres et l'agriculture est toujours une activité importante dans l'Union européenne. Outre son rôle nourricier, elle participe intensément au commerce international et compose le fondement de nombre d'industries d'amont et d'aval (agro-industries). Elle est aussi un facteur essentiel du développement rural, de l'aménagement des territoires, de la préservation et de la réhabilitation des paysages qu'elle a souvent façonnés. L'ouvrage reconstitue l'historique de la PAC. De manière critique, il en décrit les péripéties multiples et complexes, retrace ses succès mais aussi ses échecs et ses contradictions. Il révèle de nombreux défis auxquels l'agriculture est la politique ont dû et doivent faire face : progrès technique spectaculaire, mondialisation de l'économie, négociations commerciales projetées dans le cadre de l'organisation mondiale du commerce, élargissement à nombre d'Etats candidats, sécurité alimentaire du monde, respect de l'environnement et insertion au sein du développement durable, sûreté et qualité des denrées. Enfin, il se soucie de la pérennité du modèle agricole européen dans un monde sans cesse changeant. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'expérience d'A. Ledent, président du Conseil supérieur wallon de l'Agriculture, l'agroalimentaire et l'alimentation, recteur honoraire de la Faculté universitaire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux où il a enseigné l'économie rurale durant 40 ans, ancien directeur de l'Office belge chargé de l'intervention sur les marchés agricoles et de P. Burny, son ancien élève, chercheur qualifié, maître de conférence à la même faculté et attaché au cabinet du Ministre wallon de l'agriculture et de la ruralité

L'implication de l'Archidiocèse de Bukavu dans la promotion de l'agriculture paysanne à l'Est de la RDC

peer reviewed2. Zero hunge

THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF THE TERRITORY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF BUKAVU IN SOUTH-KIVU (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO)

peer reviewedThough benefiting from a high potential, agriculture in Democratic Republic of Congo only reaches low performances and yields. In South-Kivu, small scale family farms are frequently scattered due to inheritance systems that give a share to all children. So, land becomes a scarce resource in a densely populated area. The socioeconomic and political elites benefit from this situation and accumulate land resources, while the churches are the heirs of former colonial concessions. Unfortunately, the land belonging to the large landowners is not valorized; it is often hired to small-scale farmers with less than 0.5 ha. These farmers use low quantities of inputs and are oriented towards subsistence agriculture. To valorize the high agricultural potential of this area, the solution is perhaps not a land reform and the distribution of plots to small-scale farmers, but to make agriculture more profitable and a wealth producer for the whole community. To do so, the archdiocese certainly has a role to play. The vision of religious authorities is that the priests should be real entrepreneurs and support all local initiatives which could be profitable for large groups of citizens. During workshops organized in 2021, people in charge of the parishes reported the agricultural activities which are already organized and the new opportunities they identified, proving that a bottom-up peasant movement could enhance rural development. Future agricultural practices should lead to sustainable agriculture, with high yields and better income for the farmers

Global Value Chain Governance and Relation between Local Actors in the Burundian Tea Sector

In the context of globalization, the success of a firm to sell its products on international and regional markets depends on the type of governance exercised in a given sector. This article mobilizes a theoretical framework of global value chain governance to analyze the type of governance exercised in the tea sector in Burundi. A qualitative analysis of data from a survey of 120 small tea farmers in the Ijenda and Teza areas reveals that control and coordination in the sector is ensured by captive governance. In addition, a stagnation of the price of the green leaf tea over a decade generates a lack of interest in the tea farming out on small farming areas. Only 25% of small tea farmers in Ijenda and 36% in Teza want an extension. Keywords: captive governance, market governance, global value chain, Tea. JEL Classifications: O13, O21, P32, P42 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.885

Qualities and Origins of Out-of-Home Food Products: Midday Meals in the Cities of Southeastern Gabon

editorial reviewedThe place of local products in out-of-home catering and the growth of non-communicable metabolic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa raise questions. To identify the influence of the economic and social environments on this phenomenon, this study analyzes the foods and consumers concerning the main meal of the day. A survey of 180 customers from seventy-three catering establishments in the province of Haut Ogooué in southeastern Gabon was conducted. They were interviewed between 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. over a month using a semi-structured questionnaire providing socio-demographic variables, foods, side dishes, cooking methods, prices, and food additives consumed in restaurants and at home. The results show that clients are disadvantaged young people (30.3 ± 9.7 years) who consume animal proteins that are less available at home. Low prices, imported food, proximity, the availability of food additives rich in oils and salts, and the possibility of consuming local side foods explain the success of out-of-home catering. The cooking and consumption patterns are conducive to the development in the long-term of non-communicable metabolic diseases.3. Good health and well-being12. Responsible consumption and productio