Perception of taste differences among various spring waters

This study was addressed to show the need for a standard water carrier and/or rinse in sensory research. There were five objectives: to survey the Journal of Sensory Studies to determine what types of waters sensory scientists use as rinses and carriers, to determine if experienced but untrained panelists could detect flavor/taste differences among five spring waters, to determine if experienced but untrained panelists detected differences between sucrose solutions of the same concentration made with selected spring waters that differ in flavor/taste, to determine if the likelihood of experienced but untrained panelists detecting the sweet taste in a sucrose solution of the same concentration is affected by the spring water used as the carrier and to chemically characterize the selected spring waters. The literature survey was done by tabulation. Sensory scientists used various waters including distilled, deionized, tap, spring and other types of waters. Triangle tests were conducted to determine if panelists could detect differences in spring waters with and without added substances. Panelists were able to distinguish among both plain samples and sucrose solutions of Evian®/Crystal Springs (p=0.00003), Evian®/Crystal Geyser® (P=0.0099), Crystal Geyser®/Crystal Springs (p=0.0179) and Naya®/Crystal Springs (p=0.0179). Composition of triangles made a difference, but was controlled for by balancing the combination of waters. Panelists were able to detect the sweet taste more easily when Naya® was the carrier than when the other four waters were used. Chemical characterization of the waters was done using pH, acidity/basicity, organic and inorganic solid content. Acidity/basicity was determined by the amount of 0.005N NaOH or HCl required to bring the water to a neutral pH. Organics were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Inorganics were determined using inductively coupled argon plasma spectrometry. Waters ranged in mean pH from 7.05 (Crystal Springs) to 8.37 (Crystal Geyser®). Crystal Springs was the only water that required titration with base. The amount of acid required to reach neutrality ranged from 137.5 pL (Crystal Springs) to 3366.67 pL (Evian®). Each water contained a unique combination of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes and other organic compounds. Each water also contained chloride, nitrate, sulfate, aluminum, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, silica, strontium and zinc. Panelists can detect differences in spring waters which may or may not be due to inherent chemical differences. Further sensory research with other types of waters should be done. Water characteristics are not uniform in sensory research and should therefore be controlled

Towards best practice in educating and supporting separated children in Scotland: Executive Summary

This research forms part of the project: Towards Best Practice in Educating Separated Children in Scotland (16-18). The project’s goals were threefold: to assess the educational and well-being needs of separated children in Scotland (aged 16-18 years), consider how the “ESOL 16+” Programme (English for Speakers of Other Languages) at Glasgow Clyde College and its partners are meeting these needs inside and outside the classroom, and compare it to international good practice

Spacetime Geometry of Acoustics and Electromagnetism

Both acoustics and electromagnetism represent measurable fields in terms of dynamical potential fields. Electromagnetic force-fields form a spacetime bivector that is represented by a dynamical energy–momentum 4-vector potential field. Acoustic pressure and velocity fields form an energy–momentum density 4-vector field that is represented by a dynamical action scalar potential field. Surprisingly, standard field theory analyses of spin angular momentum based on these traditional potential representations contradict recent experiments, which motivates a careful reassessment of both theories. We analyze extensions of both theories that use the full geometric structure of spacetime to respect essential symmetries enforced by vacuum wave propagation. The resulting extensions are geometrically complete and phase-invariant (i.e., dual-symmetric) formulations that span all five grades of spacetime, with dynamical potentials and measurable fields spanning complementary grades that are related by a spacetime vector derivative (i.e., the quantum Dirac operator). These complete representations correct the equations of motion, energy–momentum tensors, forces experienced by probes, Lagrangian densities, and allowed gauge freedoms, while making manifest the deep structural connections to relativistic quantum field theories. Finally, we discuss the implications of these corrections to experimental tests

Acoustic versus electromagnetic field theory: scalar, vector, spinor representations and the emergence of acoustic spin

We construct a novel Lagrangian representation of acoustic field theory that describes the local vector properties of longitudinal (curl-free) acoustic fields. In particular, this approach accounts for the recently-discovered nonzero spin angular momentum density in inhomogeneous sound fields in fluids or gases. The traditional acoustic Lagrangian representation with a ${\it scalar}$ potential is unable to describe such vector properties of acoustic fields adequately, which are however observable via local radiation forces and torques on small probe particles. By introducing a displacement ${\it vector}$ potential analogous to the electromagnetic vector potential, we derive the appropriate canonical momentum and spin densities as conserved Noether currents. The results are consistent with recent theoretical analyses and experiments. Furthermore, by an analogy with dual-symmetric electromagnetic field theory that combines electric- and magnetic-potential representations, we put forward an acoustic ${\it spinor}$ representation combining the scalar and vector representations. This approach also includes naturally coupling to sources. The strong analogies between electromagnetism and acoustics suggest further productive inquiry, particularly regarding the nature of the apparent spacetime symmetries inherent to acoustic fields.Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure, published versio

Acoustic versus Electromagnetic Field Theory: Scalar, Vector, Spinor Representations and the Emergence of Acoustic Spin

We construct a novel Lagrangian representation of acoustic field theory that describes the local vector properties of longitudinal (curl-free) acoustic fields. In particular, this approach accounts for the recently-discovered nonzero spin angular momentum density in inhomogeneous sound fields in fluids or gases. The traditional acoustic Lagrangian representation with a scalar potential is unable to describe such vector properties of acoustic fields adequately, which are however observable via local radiation forces and torques on small probe particles. By introducing a displacement vector potential analogous to the electromagnetic vector potential, we derive the appropriate canonical momentum and spin densities as conserved Noether currents. The results are consistent with recent theoretical analyses and experiments. Furthermore, by an analogy with dual-symmetric electromagnetic field theory that combines electric- and magnetic-potential representations, we put forward an acoustic spinor representation combining the scalar and vector representations. This approach also includes naturally coupling to sources. The strong analogies between electromagnetism and acoustics suggest further productive inquiry, particularly regarding the nature of the apparent spacetime symmetries inherent to acoustic fields

Innovación tecnológica para la incorporación de lactobacilos probióticos en quesos frescos de pasta hilada : estudios de funcionalidad

Un alimento funcional es aquel que ejerce un efecto benéfico en el consumidor, más allá de la nutrición básica. Esto se puede lograr mediante la adición de microorganismos probióticos. En el trabajo se elaboraron quesos de pasta hilada adicionados de los probióticos (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) de manera individual o conjunta. Los objetivos particulares fueron: evaluar la viabilidad de las cepas probióticas durante la elaboración y maduración de los quesos, determinar su influencia sobre parámetros químicos (composición global y pH) y sensoriales y, evaluar la funcionalidad mediante ensayos in vivo. Ambos probióticos se mantuvieron viables por encima de 108 UFC/g durante la vida útil. La composición global y el pH no se modificaron respecto al queso control y todas las muestras tuvieron buena aceptabilidad global en el análisis sensorial. En cuanto al ensayo in vivo, no se observó translocación bacteriana a hígado, garantizando la seguridad del producto y se observó un incremento significativo de las defensas (IgA secretoria) en fluido intestinal de los animales que recibieron el queso adicionado de L. acidophilus LA5. Actualmente no existen en el mercado quesos de pasta hilada adicionados de probióticos. Esto, sumado a la elevada demanda de alimentos funcionales, convierte a este alimento en un producto innovador y con perspectiva de futura implementación a escala industrialFil: Godoy, Lucas. Universidad Nacional del LitoralFil: Burns, Patricia. Universidad Nacional del Litora

Learning in and beyond the classroom: Communities of practice in education support for separated children

Separated children, seeking protection in a new country unaccompanied by parents or customary caregivers, have the right to education yet many face difficulties accessing appropriate provision. We analysed data from Scotland across different types of provision: one specialist programme for separated children and four areas providing a mixture of mainstream and adapted classes. Drawing on situated learning theory and the concept of communities of practice, we argue that supporting these learners requires collaborations with them and across professional boundaries. While highly effective communities of practice can and do develop organically, a coordinated approach to expanding them could bring additional benefits.Output Status: Forthcoming/Available Onlin