Coupling ratio tuning of direct UV-written X-couplers for cascaded power splitters in WDM networks

We present a study of low polarisation sensitivity 2 degrees X-couplers with 20% coupling ratio tuning via refractive index asymmetry, attaining 50:50 power splitting at 1550nm. The device has less than 5% coupling ratio variation over 30nm in the C-band and <0.7dB polarisation dependent loss

Diurnal shifts in nutritive value of alfalfa harvested as hay and evaluated by animal intake and digestion

Forages accumulate nonstructural carbohydrates during the day, with animals showing preference and improved daily responses from afternoon compared with morning cut hays. This study evaluated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay harvested at 0700, 1000, 1300, 1600, and 1900 h to determine how nutritive value changes during the day and to assess the impact of these changes on animal preference using cattle (Bos taurus L.), sheep (Ovis aries L.), and goat (Capra hircus L.) responses. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were altered by time of cut (cubic contrast, P < 0.01) ranging from 85 g kg?1 at 0700 h to 83 g kg?1 at 1000 h, then increasing to 97 g kg?1 by 1600 h with little change at 1900 h (96 g kg?1). Fiber fractions also varied diurnally, with a quadratic decrease from 418 g kg?1 at 0700 h to 387 g kg?1 by 1900 h in neutral detergent fiber. A combined analysis of three animal trials showed a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI) with later hay harvest, a cubic response for dry matter digestion (DMD), and a linear increase in digestible DMI. Mean DMI increased from 27.5 g kg?1 body weight at 0700 h to a maximum of 30.8 g kg?1 body weight at 1600 h, whereas DMD decreased from 658 g kg?1 at 0700 to 647 g kg?1 at 1300 h and peaked at 664 g kg?1 at 1600 h. Digestible DMI increased from 18.1 g kg?1 body weight at 0700 h to a maximum of 20.5 g kg?1 body weight at 1600 h. No additional advantages in animal responses were noted by cutting after 1600 h

Ruminant selection among switchgrass hays cut at either sundown or sunup

As a result of photosynthesis, plants typically have greater concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates at the end of the photoperiod. The preference of ruminants for hays harvested within the same 24-h period can be greater for plants harvested late in the photoperiod with increased soluble carbohydrate. To test for variation in ruminant preference for afternoon versus morning harvested hays in a C4 grass harvested in the humid east, established fields of 'Kanlow' and 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were used to produce hays in 1998, 1999, and 2000 near Raleigh, NC. Harvests were paired so that each cutting in the evening (PM) was followed by a cutting the next morning (AM). We harvested in this manner three times in 1998 to produce six Kanlow hays; twice with Kanlow and once with Alamo at two levels of nitrogen fertility in 1999 to produce eight hays; and three times in 2000 to produce six Alamo hays. The hays were field-dried, baled, and passed through a hydraulic bale processor. Hays from each year were tested with cattle (Bos taurus L.), goats (Capra hircus L.), and sheep (Ovis aries L.). During an adaptation phase, hays were offered individually. In the experimental phase, all possible pairs of hays were presented. Data were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and by traditional analyses. Multidimensional scaling indicated that selection was based on multiple criteria. The suite of improvements associated with PM-harvested hays in fiber content, digestibility, and nonstructural carbohydrate observed for alfalfa and fescue hays in the western USA was difficult to reproduce with switchgrass hay in the southeastern USA. This difficulty is likely related to the less favorable environment for haymaking as well as the physiology, anatomy, and morphology of this C4 grass

Preference by sheep and goats among hay of eight tall fescue cultivars

Grazing ruminants use both visual cues and taste in selecting their diet. Preference during grazing may not be the same when forage is dried for hay and cut into lengths prior to feeding in confinement. Eight cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), previously evaluated for preference while grazed, were harvested three times over a period of 2 yr. The hays were air-dried, baled, and passed through a hydraulic bale processor prior to feeding. Five experiments were conducted. All three harvests were evaluated with sheep and the last two also with goats, using six animals each time. During an adaptation phase, hays were offered alone as meals. In the experimental phase, every possible pair of hays (28 pairs) was presented for a meal. Data were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and by traditional analyses. Preference was significant among cultivars in all experiments. Multidimensional scaling showed that selection was based on two criteria with two dimensions being significant. Sheep preferred KENHY followed by KENTUCKY 31 and STARGRAZER but preferenced against BARCEL. HIMAG, MO-96, and C1 were intermediate and MOZARK was variable. Goats were similar to sheep in preferring KENHY followed by STARGRAZER and selected against MOZARK and BARCEL. KENTUCKY 31, HIMAG, MO-96, and Cl were intermediate. In all five experiments, the general association was positive for available carbohydrate fractions and negative for fiber fractions that contribute to cell wall rigidity

Morning and evening harvest effects on animal performance

Plants vary diurnally in concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). Delaying forage harvest until mid to late afternoon could result in increased TNC in forage. Ruminants can differentiate between PM-harvested and AM-harvested grass and alfalfa hays and eat more PM-harvested versus AM-harvested hay. In a related study, dairy cows ate about 10% more total mixed ration containing 40% PM-harvested alfalfa hay versus the same ration containing AM-harvested hay, produced more milk, and gained rather than lost body weight. Afternoon harvest management could add $15/ton of alfalfa compared with morning harvesting

Diurnal variation in forage quality affects animal preference and production

In 1993. we began to evaluate animal grazing preferences among eight tall fescue cultivars, including HiMag which had been selected to reduce risk of grass tetany. Two years of preference studies indicated that some cultivars were better liked by heifers than other cultivars (Shewmaker et al., 1997). One of us (jcb) and others asked WHY. This led to quantifying various chemical and physical characteristics of these cultivars and determining their relationship to grazing preference. It also led to an evaluation of animal preference among these same tall fescues when harvested in late afternoon and conserved as hay (Burns et al., 'a', submitted J. Anim. Sci.). In the grazing study. we had found a close relationship between total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) levels and animal grazing preferences among the cultivars (Mayland et al.. `c', revised for Agron. J.). However, TNC values change during the day. What effect might variation in harvest time have on TNC concentration and ultimately animal preference? This diurnal cycling of forage sugars had been known for many years, but had been dismissed as not affecting feed value or animal behavior. We checked the literature (August 1996) but found no documentation of animal responses to diurnal changes in forage composition. The challenge seemed obvious and the potential impack seemed great; so we decided to test ruminant animals' ability to differentiate between hays harvested in afternoon and subsequent morning. We completed several studies and will share some exciting results with you. Animals demonstrated strong preference for afternoon-harvested compared to morning-harvested forage. This led to questions concerning 1) animal preferences among other forage types and cultivars, 2) more detailed characterization of diurnal changes occurring in forages, 3) affects on energy and crude protein digestibility, and 4) affects on animal production? Could ruminants distinguish between evening- and morning-cut hay and did this occur over a range of conditions? If they could, then we needed to know what was going on in the plant. We would then need to determine management strategies to take advantage of possible benefits. We first discuss the animal studies and then close with plant studies

Temporal and vertical distribution of soluble carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and digestibility levels in orchardgrass swards

Herbage nonstructural carbohydrates (NC) contribute to livestock performance and silage fermentation. Knowledge of the distribution patterns of NC and other nutritional constituents in orchardgrass (Dactylic glomerata L.) swards could support harvest management decisions. Our objective was to determine diurnal and vertical patterns of total NC (TNC), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations, and in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) and NDF digestibility (NDFD) in orchardgrass swards in October, June, and August. Herbage was sampled at 6-h intervals between 0100 and 1900 h from horizons positioned 40 to 27, 27 to 18, 18 to 12, and 12 to 8 cm above soil surface. Herbage composition varied among horizons in all months, and diurnally only in June and August. In June and August, only TNC with maxima of 109 to 123 g kg-1 at 1900 h exhibited consistent diurnal patterns. Swards harvested to residual heights of 18, 12, or 8 cm exhibited little spatial variation in TNC during June and August, but CP, NDF, and IVTDMD varied with harvest depth on all dates. As swards were harvested to successively greater depths, TNC increased in October, but not in June and August. In contrast, CP and IVTDMD decreased, and NDF increased, for harvests to successively greater depths in all months. For harvests in June and August, manipulation of depth would capture more variation in CP, NDF, and IVTDMD, but manipulation of time of day of harvest would capture more variation in TNC to meet animal performance and silage fermentation requirements

Near infra-red measurement of nonstructural carbohydrates in alfalfa hay

Recently documented benefits from afternoon versus morning cut forage have encouraged laboratory reporting of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) values as part of forage quality testing. Our objective was to determine if infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS), which is being used in many forage testing labs, could be reliably used to quantify forage sugars in hay samples. We used two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sample populations that were analyzed by wet chemistry for sugars and scanned by NIRS. The first set consisted of field-dried hay samples that were oven dried at 70°C and the second consisted of fresh, freeze-dried samples. TNC values were determined more precisely with NIRS than by wet chemistr

Forage volatiles as cues for ruminants

Forage volatiles may provide cues that affect animal food choices. Collecting and identifying these compounds is challenging. The authors briefly describe the methodology and report several volatile compounds that relate to animal preference

Activation of neutrophils within pulmonary microvessels of rabbits exposed to cigarette smoke.

Previous studies have shown that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are delayed in the pulmonary capillaries by the presence of cigarette smoke. To determine if the PMN delayed by smoking are activated, we estimated the in vivo expression of CD11/CD18 and L-selectin on the surface of PMN in lungs and peripheral blood of rabbits because these molecules are known to be upregulated and downregulated, respectively, on the surface of activated PMN. New Zealand white rabbits (3.5 +/- 0.1 kg) were exposed to either air (n = 5) or cigarette smoke (n = 5), and we used an established protocol to measure pulmonary vascular blood flow, volume, and red blood cell (RBC) transit time in the left lung. The right lungs were then fixed in 0.025% glutaraldehyde and stored in liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin sections were immuno-labeled with either the anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody 60.3 or the anti-L-selectin antibody Dreg-200, followed by a secondary antibody conjugated to 10 nm colloidal gold. The target antigens were quantified by counting the number of gold particles per micron (G/microns) of PMN surface membrane. The data show that smoke exposure had no effect on pulmonary blood flow, volume, or RBC transit time. However, it increased the expression of CD11/CD18 on intravascular PMN in the upper region of the lung (control, 7.4 +/- 1.3 G/microns; smoke-exposed, 13.2 +/- 3.3 G/microns; P < 0.05) and decreased the expression of L-selectin on intravascular PMN in both the lower (control, 5.5 +/- 2.0 G/microns; smoke-exposed, 2.6 +/- 1.5 G/microns; P = 0.05) and the upper (control, 6.8 +/- 1.4 G/microns; smoke-exposed, 2.6 +/- 1.2 G/microns; P < 0.05) regions