L’archéologie des Malécites : Passé, présent et futur

Cet article a pour but d’évaluer l’état actuel de l’archéologie préhistorique (pré-contact) du bassin versant de la rivière Saint-Jean, et en particulier la haute et moyenne vallée. Cette région fait partie du territoire ancestral des Malécites. L’auteur définit d’abord comment l’archéologue conçoit une archéologie propre au peuple malécite. Il présente ensuite un aperçu de l’histoire de la recherche archéologique dans les régions du Maine, du Québec et du Nouveau-Brunswick qui touchent au bassin de la rivière Saint-Jean. L’état actuel de la recherche archéologique (les acteurs, les institutions, les projets et questions de recherche) est présenté ainsi qu’une synthèse des caractéristiques de l’archéologie de la région telles qu’on les connaît aujourd’hui. Les lacunes mais aussi les points forts de l’archéologie de la rivière Saint-Jean sont identifiés, et quelques recommandations sont formulées concernant le développement de l’archéologie des Malécites.The purpose of this article is to assess the current state of prehistoric, or pre-contact, archaeology in the St. John River Valley, and in ­particular the upper and middle St. John. This region is part of the ancestral territory of the Maliseet nation. I start by addressing the challenges faced by the archaeo­logist in defining an archaeology of the Maliseet people. I follow this with a history of archaeological research in those regions of Maine, Québec and New Brunswick that are part of the St. John River Valley. The current state of archaeology is presented (the actors, the institutions, the research projects and questions), along with a summary of what characterizes the archaeology of this region today. Some lacunae in past and current research can be ­identified, but there are also many areas where the archaeology of the St. John is healthy and rich in data. I conclude the article with some recommendations for the future development of Maliseet archaeology

Circulation et provenance des matériaux dans les sociétés anciennes

Le livre est composé de 20 chapitres : une introduction, trois chapitres qui touchent aux matières lithiques (obsidienne et pierres de construction), cinq chapitres qui couvrent les analyses des minerais métallifères et métaux (alliages ferreux et cuivreux, or, argent, plomb et métal monnayé), trois chapitres sur les céramiques et porcelaines, un chapitre sur le verre (LA-ICP-MS), un chapitre sur les substances naturelles organiques (bitume, ambre, goudron), et finalement six chapitres qui ex..

Circulation et provenance des matériaux dans les sociétés anciennes

Le livre est composé de 20 chapitres : une introduction, trois chapitres qui touchent aux matières lithiques (obsidienne et pierres de construction), cinq chapitres qui couvrent les analyses des minerais métallifères et métaux (alliages ferreux et cuivreux, or, argent, plomb et métal monnayé), trois chapitres sur les céramiques et porcelaines, un chapitre sur le verre (LA-ICP-MS), un chapitre sur les substances naturelles organiques (bitume, ambre, goudron), et finalement six chapitres qui ex..

Mackenzie Inuit Lithic Raw Material Procurement in the Lower Mackenzie Valley: The Importance of Social Factors

Oral and written historical records indicate that the Mackenzie Inuit traveled up the Mackenzie River from the Arctic Coast to procure lithic raw material in the interior from a quarry at the mouth of the Thunder River, which is known locally by the Gwich’in of the lower Mackenzie Valley as Vihtr’ii Tshik. We evaluate this proposition using non-destructive polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence to compare the geochemical signatures of the lithic raw material from Vihtr’ii Tshik (MiTi-1) and flakes and tools from the Mackenzie Inuit village of Kuukpak (NiTs-1), which is located more than 400 km downriver of the quarry source. The concentrations of nine selected elements—three major elements expressed as oxides (SiO2, Fe2O3T, and K2O) and six trace elements expressed as metals (Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, and Ce)—are compared using descriptive statistics, spider diagrams, and principal components analysis. The geochemical effects of chemical weathering on the surfaces of artifacts are evaluated by measuring element concentrations before and after removal of the weathering rind from select artifacts. The results of our analyses demonstrate that the lithic raw material available at Vihtr’ii Tshik is best characterized as chert, and that 86% of the flakes and tools from Kuukpak analyzed in this study are chemically similar to the raw material from Vihtr’ii Tshik. Historical records and archaeological data indicate that the people of Kuukpak traversed a complex social landscape to obtain stone from Vihtr’ii Tshik through direct procurement.Les traditions orales et écrites historiques indiquent que les Inuits du Mackenzie remontaient le fleuve Mackenzie en quittant la côte arctique et allant vers l’intérieur des terres afin d’obtenir de la matière première lithique d’une carrière qui se trouvait près de l’embouchure de la rivière Thunder. Les Gwich’in de la basse vallée du Mackenzie appellent cet endroit Vihtr’ii Tshik. Nous évaluons ces révélations en utilisant la technique de fluorescence par rayons X en mode dispersion d’énergie (géométrie polarisante, méthode non destructive) afin de comparer les signatures géochimiques des roches trouvées à la carrière Vihtr’ii Tshik (MiTi-1) avec celles des éclats et des outils en pierre provenant d’un site villageois inuit appelé Kuukpak (NiTs-1) qui se trouve à 400 km en aval de la carrière. Les concentrations de neuf éléments chimiques — trois éléments majeurs exprimés sous la forme d’oxydes (SiO2, Fe2O3T et K2O) et six éléments traces exprimés sous la forme de métaux (Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba et Ce) — sont utilisées pour calculer des statistiques descriptives et des diagrammes-araignées, et réaliser une analyse multivariée par composantes principales. Nous évaluons aussi les effets géochimiques causés par l’intempérisation de la surface des artefacts en mesurant les concentrations d’éléments avant et après l’enlèvement de celle-ci sur des artefacts sélectionnés. Les résultats de nos analyses chimiques démontrent que la roche provenant de la carrière Vihtr’ii Tshik est un chert, et que 86 % des éclats et outils analysés dans cette étude provenant du site villageois Kuukpak montrent des affinités géochimiques au chert de cette carrière. Les documents historiques et les données archéologiques nous indiquent que les gens de Kuukpak devaient naviguer à travers une géographie culturelle complexe afin de se procurer directement le chert de la carrière de Vihtr’ii Tshik

Introducing LIR (Lithotheque Ireland), a reference collection of flaked stone tool raw materials from Ireland

The LIR (Lithotheque Ireland) reference collection of flaked stone tool raw materials from Ireland began in 2013, and is based on the geological prospection from two projects. The first (2013-2015) focused attention primarily on Carboniferous cherts from the northwest of Ireland, collecting 405 samples. The second (2015-2017) is currently collecting samples of the Cretaceous flint primarily from in situ contexts in the northeast of Ireland, but also includes beach surveys of Cretaceous flint from around the island; the first phase of geological prospection in Autumn 2015 collected 239 samples, with the geological prospection continuing in 2016. Therefore, to date the collection contains over 600 hand samples of chert and flint, along with a small number of other materials (siliceous limestone, tuff, mudstone). The physical reference collection is housed at the UCD School of Archaeology, University College Dublin and contains the geological hand samples along with the various thin sections of the samples that are used for petrographic analysis. The physical collection is complemented by an online database that is to be used alongside the physical collection, or can be used as a stand-alone resource. This paper provides an overview of the database’s metadata and the processes of data entry and editing, to serve as a reference point for the database and the fieldwork undertaken to date, and to serve as a template for other researchers undertaking similar work on lithic reference collections

Gender, age and the MBA: An analysis of extrinsic and intrinsic career benefits

Against the background of an earlier UK study, this paper presents the findings of a Canadian based survey of career benefits from the MBA. Results indicate firstly that gender and age interact to influence perceptions of career outcomes (young men gain most in terms of extrinsic benefits of career change and pay), and secondly that both men and women gain intrinsic benefits from the MBA. However, intrinsic benefits vary by gender: men in the study were more likely to say they gained confidence from having a fuller skill set while women were more likely to say they gained confidence from feelings of self worth; men emphasised how they had learned to give up control while women argued that they had gained a ‘voice’ in the organization. The role of the MBA in career self- management and the acquisition of key skills are examined as well as the implications for the design of programmes in meeting the varied need of men and women in different age groups

Head-to-Head Comparison of Poxvirus NYVAC and ALVAC Vectors Expressing Identical HIV-1 Clade C Immunogens in Prime-Boost Combination with Env Protein in Nonhuman Primates.

UNLABELLED: We compared the HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses elicited in rhesus macaques immunized with two poxvirus vectors (NYVAC and ALVAC) expressing the same HIV-1 antigens from clade C, Env gp140 as a trimeric cell-released protein and a Gag-Pol-Nef polyprotein as Gag-induced virus-like particles (VLPs) (referred to as NYVAC-C and ALVAC-C). The immunization protocol consisted of two doses of the corresponding poxvirus vector plus two doses of a combination of the poxvirus vector and a purified HIV-1 gp120 protein from clade C. This immunogenicity profile was also compared to that elicited by vaccine regimens consisting of two doses of the ALVAC vector expressing HIV-1 antigens from clades B/E (ALVAC-vCP1521) plus two doses of a combination of ALVAC-vCP1521 and HIV-1 gp120 protein from clades B/E (similar to the RV144 trial regimen) or clade C. The results showed that immunization of macaques with NYVAC-C stimulated at different times more potent HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses and induced a trend toward higher-magnitude HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune responses than did ALVAC-C. Furthermore, NYVAC-C induced a trend toward higher levels of binding IgG antibodies against clade C HIV-1 gp140, gp120, or murine leukemia virus (MuLV) gp70-scaffolded V1/V2 and toward best cross-clade-binding IgG responses against HIV-1 gp140 from clades A, B, and group M consensus, than did ALVAC-C. Of the linear binding IgG responses, most were directed against the V3 loop in all immunization groups. Additionally, NYVAC-C and ALVAC-C also induced similar levels of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses. Interestingly, binding IgA antibody levels against HIV-1 gp120 or MuLV gp70-scaffolded V1/V2 were absent or very low in all immunization groups. Overall, these results provide a comprehensive survey of the immunogenicity of NYVAC versus ALVAC expressing HIV-1 antigens in nonhuman primates and indicate that NYVAC may represent an alternative candidate to ALVAC in the development of a future HIV-1 vaccine. IMPORTANCE: The finding of a safe and effective HIV/AIDS vaccine immunogen is one of the main research priorities. Here, we generated two poxvirus-based HIV vaccine candidates (NYVAC and ALVAC vectors) expressing the same clade C HIV-1 antigens in separate vectors, and we analyzed in nonhuman primates their immunogenicity profiles. The results showed that immunization with NYVAC-C induced a trend toward higher HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses than did ALVAC-C, indicating that this new NYVAC vector could be a novel optimized HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate for human clinical trials.This investigation was supported by the PTVDC/CAVD program with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). Humoral immune monitoring data was supported by the BMGF CAVIMC 1032144 grant and the NIH/NIAID Duke Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) 5P30 AI064518. Novartis Vaccines received support for this work under contract number HHSN266200500007C from DAIDS-NIAID-NIH.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available at http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2015/05/29/JVI.01265-15.abstract