Failure analysis of ultra-high molecular weight polyethyelene acetabular cups

Owing to the crippling nature of arthritis, surgeons have been trying for well over a century to successfully treat this debilitating disease particularly when attacking the hip joint. In the early 1970s, Sir John Charnley started with total hip replacement as a solution to this ever-increasing problem. Many different designs were developed but all the designs revolved around a femoral stem, femoral head and acetabular component. Independent of the design, longevity of the implant remains a problem. The major cause of replacements, according to various hip registers, is due to aseptic loosening resulting from osteolysis. According to these registers, the average in-vivo life of a hip replacement is approximately 12 years. The main aim of this study was to determine the root cause of mechanical failure of the acetabular cups and to determine the origin of the excessive amount of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris floating in the joint resulting in osteolysis. During the study, various techniques were used to investigate the acetabular components to try to establish the root cause of mechanical failure. These techniques included: 1. Visual inspection 2. Investigation making use of dye penetrant spray 3. Investigation under stereo microscope 4. Investigation making use of a scanning electron microscope 5. Electrophoresis 6. Mass-spectrometric analysis 7. Analysis of the synovial fluid on high-frequency linear-oscillation machine (SRV). The wear debris retrieved from the scar tissue surrounding the joints of a number of patients was also analysed. Apart from the obvious defects such as mechanical damage due to impingement, the main defect on which this study focuses is the wear patches found on the inside of the acetabular components. The wear areas were presented as areas where the surface layer of the UHMWPE was ripped off by adhering to the rotating femoral head. This type of failure is possible if localised overheating takes place resulting in the material either adhering to the rotating femoral head or the material being squeezed out under the prevailing pressure. Both these mechanisms were confirmed by the wear debris retrieved from the scar tissue, being either droplets of UHMWPE or whisker-like wear products. To confirm the existence of elevated temperatures the brown discolouring on the inside of the acetabular cups was analysed, making use of electrophoresis, mass-spectrometric analysis and scanning electron microscope recordings. In this part of the study, it was confirmed that localised temperatures on the bearing surface had reached at least 60°C during in-vivo service. This temperature was confirmed by inserting a thermocouple just under the surface of an acetabular cup and then measuring the temperature while in-vitro testing was taking place on a hip simulator. The wear debris as retrieved was also duplicated in laboratory experiments while the temperature on the surface of an acetabular cup was monitored. It was established that wear particles similar in shape and size were formed at temperatures in excess of 90°C. At temperatures above 50°C the UHMWPE had visually shown extensive increase in creep, indicating that at these temperatures the material softens sufficiently for this type of debris to be generated The overheating as described can also only occur if there is a lack of lubrication in the bearing couple. The synovial fluid from 12 patients was retrieved during revision surgery. This synovial fluid was then tested on a high-frequency linear-oscillation machine (Optimol SRV test machine) to determine the lubricity characteristics of the synovial fluid as retrieved. It was discovered that the load-carrying capability of the synovial fluid did not comply with the minimum requirements for a fluid to function as a lubricant. The final conclusion of this study is that excessive amounts of wear debris are generated due to the localised overheating of the bearing couple as a result of insufficient lubrication. The localised heat build-up results in excessive amounts of wear debris being generated and deposited in the joint area resulting in osteolysis.Thesis (PhD (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005.Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineeringunrestricte

A computational fluid dynamics model for investigating air flow patterns in underground coal mine sections

This investigation compares the results from an experimental and numerical study of air flow in a scaled-down underground coal mine model. This was done in order to determine if numerical analysis can be relied upon when searching for ventilation solutions to control high concentration of coal dust and methane gas in underground coal mines. Steady state analyses were used to identify flow patterns and recirculation regions within the mining section while transient state analyses were used to determine the time taken to extract the initial air from the model. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results indicates that numerical modelling is useful in this regard. The study went further to devise a method of determining the optimum position of the jet fan that is responsible for mine-gas dilution at different stages of mining.http://www.saimm.co.za/am201

Failure analysis on retrieved ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cups

Retrievals obtained after revision surgery, provide valuable information on the rate of wear and the causes of wear that take place in vivo. The aim of this study was to perform a root cause failure analysis to determine the principle reason for mechanical failure on failed acetabular cups, retrieved during revision surgery, by making use of sound engineering failure analysis techniques. The bearing couples varied between steel on UHMWPE and ceramic on UHMWPE. The information gained during this analysis brought to the fore that the principle mode of mechanical failure for acetabular cups is overheating of the UHMWPE. The resulting overheating is mainly due to a lack of good and/or sufficient lubrication

An effective face support system to minimize rockfalls

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