The Potential for Bonding Titanium Restorations

: The use of titanium for implants has shown the biological acceptance of the metal. Recently, methods of using titanium for restorations, crowns, and bridges have been introduced using both cast and spark erosion systems for fabrication. A potential also exists for using titanium for bonded (Maryland) bridges. Materials and Methods : In this study, the potential for bonding titanium was investigated by cementing with various adhesives: (A) metal to metal, (B) metal to enamel, and (C) comparing with a known procedure of bonding nickel-chromium. Truncated cones of pure titanium were fabricated with a 5-mm circular face for bonding to a larger titanium disc embedded in a plastic ring. A special jig was used to pull the bonded cone from the disc on an Instron tensile testing machine (Instron Corporation, Canton, MA). The resin-metal adhesives used were: (1) Infinity, (2) Metabond, (3) All-Bond 2, and (4) Panavia. These were compared with (5) nickel-chromium cones sandblasted and bonded to nickel-chromium with Panavia. Titanium cones were also bonded to human enamel with (6) Panavia and (7) Metabond. The 10 samples in each group were subjected to tensile force, and point of fracture was recorded. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance with a Scheffe F test at the 95% level of significance. Results : The results of tensile forces in MPa were (1) Infinity, 28.1 ± 3.6; (2) Metabond, 28.1 ± 1; (3) All-Bond 2, 49.5 ± 4.3; (4) Panavia, 57.9 ± 3.1; (5) Panavia to nickel-chromium, 42.9 ± 6.6; (6) Panavia to enamel, 18.5 ± 4.7; and (7) Metabond to enamel, 19.3 ± 3.5. Titanium was most effectively bonded with All-Bond 2 and Panavia, with Panavia samples significantly better than Panavia to nickel-chromium samples. Conclusions : It was concluded that titanium bonded restorations with certain adhesive cements were a definite possibility.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74888/1/j.1532-849X.1993.tb00399.x.pd

Evolution of Th2 responses : Characterization of IL-4/13 in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and studies of expression and biological activity

Acknowledgements This research was funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) of the European Union (Grant Agreement 311993 TARGETFISH). T.W. received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland). MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference number HR09011) and contributing institutions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Cloning of cDNA and chromosomal location of genes encoding the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect a-amylase

We have characterized three cDNA clones corresponding to proteins CM1, CM3 and CM16, which represent the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect -amylases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides are homologous to those of the dimeric and monomeric -amylase inhibitors and of the trypsin inhibitors. The mature polypeptides are preceded by typical signal peptides. Southern blot analysis of appropriate aneuploids, using the cloned cDNAs as probes, has revealed the location of genes for subunits of the CM3 and of the CM16 type within a few kb of each other in chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, and those for the CM1 type of subunit in chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. Known subunits of the tetrameric inhibitor corresponding to genes from the B and D genomes have been previously characterized. No proteins of this class have been found to be encoded by the A genome in hexaploid wheat (genomes AA, BB, DD) or in diploid wheats (AA) and no anti -amylase activity has been detected in the latter, so that the A-genome genes must be either silent (pseudogenes) or expressed at a much lower level

HER2-Mediated Internalization of Cytotoxic Agents in ERBB2 Amplified or Mutant Lung Cancers

Amplification and oncogenic mutations of ERBB2, the gene encoding the HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase, promote receptor hyperactivation and tumor growth. Here we demonstrate that HER2 ubiquitination and internalization, rather than its overexpression, are key mechanisms underlying endocytosis and consequent efficacy of the anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in lung cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models. These data translated into a 51% response rate in a clinical trial of T-DM1 in 49 patients with ERBB2/HER2-amplified or mutant lung cancers. We show that co-treatment with irreversible pan-HER inhibitors enhances receptor ubiquitination and consequent ADC internalization and efficacy. We also demonstrate that ADC switching to T-DXd, which harbors a different cytotoxic payload, achieves durable responses in a patient with lung cancer and corresponding xenograft model developing resistance to T-DM1. Our findings may help guide future clinical trials and expand the field of ADC as cancer therapy