Neželjeni efekti i toksičnost analgetika

Even though among the most widely used analgoantipiretics with confirmed pharmacological effects, acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ibuprofen may be the cause of poisonings and even death. Acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol are most commonly used drugs that are dispensed without a prescription. However, poison control centers are warning of the risk associated with the use of these COX inhibitors. It is well known that acetylsalicylic acid causes prolonged inhibition of blood coagulation, metabolic acidosis and other toxic effects while the toxic effects of paracetamol are mainly manifested on liver. Ibuprofen poisoning is much rarer, especially those leading to death. Ibuprofen overdose can cause mainly gastrointestinal disturbances, and can also lead to renal damage.U ovom radu obrađeni su acetilsalicilna kiselina, paracetamol i ibuprofen, s obzirom da su među najšire korišćenim analgoantipireticima koji i pored neosporno potvrđenog farmakološkog dejstva mogu biti uzročnici trovanja, pa i smrti. Acetilsalicilna kiselina i paracetamol su najčešće korišćeni lekovi koji se izdaju bez recepta, a izveštaji centara za kontrolu trovanja opominju na rizik koji nose ovi COX inhibitori. Poznato je da acetilsalicilna kiselina dovodi do produžene inhibicije koagulacije krvi, metaboličke acidoze i drugih toksičnih efekata, a da se toksičnost paracetamola prvenstveno ispoljava na jetri. Trovanja ibuprofenom su znatno ređa, posebno sa smrtnim ishodom. Pri predoziranju ibuprofenom dominiraju gastrointestinalne smetnje, a može doći i do renalnog oštećenja

Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on the Distribution Patterns of Zinc, Copper, and Magnesium in Rabbits Exposed to Prolonged Cadmium Intoxication

The present study is designed to investigate whether magnesium (Mg) supplementation may prevent Cd-induced alterations in zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) status in rabbits. For this purpose, the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mg were estimated in blood, urine, and organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and bone) of rabbits given Cd (10 mg/kg b.w.) and rabbits cotreated with Mg (40 mg/kg b.w.) orally, as aqueous solutions of Cd chloride and Mg acetate every day for 4 weeks. Samples were mineralized with conc. HNO3 and HClO4 (4:1) and metals concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Magnesium supplementation succeeded to overcome Cd-induced disbalance of investigated bioelements. Beneficial effects of Mg were observed on Zn levels in blood and urine, on Cu levels in urine, and on Mg levels in blood. Magnesium pretreatment also managed to counteract or reduce all Cd-induced changes in levels of Cu and Mg in organs, while it did not exert this effect on Zn levels. These findings suggest that enhanced dietary Mg intake during Cd exposure can have at least partly beneficial effect on Cd-induced alterations in homeostasis of zinc, copper, and magnesium

Корелација маркера оксидативног стреса и параметара спермограма са исходом вантелесне оплодње

Introduction/Objective The aim was to assess the effect of oxidative stress parameters on sperm count, motility, and morphology of spermatozoa, and the influence of different semen parameters on the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure – the number of fertilized oocytes, fertilization, and pregnancy rate of female partners. Method In 52 male patients superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and sulfhydryl (-SH) groups were determined in serum, before beginning the IVF cycle. Semen samples were collected after 2–3 days of sexual abstinence. Results Patients were divided into two groups, the normozoospermic, and those with pathological sperm findings. The second group was divided into oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, and teratozoospermic groups. SOD activity was lower, while MDA and-SH groups, while not significantly, was higher in groups with sperm parameter disorders. Fertilization rate was significantly lower in the group of asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia (p = 0.034), as well as delivery rate (p = 0.020). The group with oligozoospermia had significantly lower delivery rate (p = 0.013). Conclusion Our study found higher fertilization and delivery rate in men with normozoospermia. However, no significant correlation between OS markers and semen parameters was found.Увод/Циљ Циљ рада била је процена утицаја параметара оксидативног стреса на број, покретљивост и морфологију сперматозоида, као и утицаја различитих параметара спер-мограма на исход поступка in vitro фертилизације, број фер-тилисаних ооцита, стопе фертилизације и порођаја.Методе Код 52 мушка партнера одређиване су вредности супероксид-дисмутазе, малондиалдехидаи сулфидрила(-SHгрупа) у серуму, пре започињања поступка in vitro ферти-лизације. Узорци семена сакупљани су после два-три дана апстиненције. Резултати Болесници су били подељени у две групе: гру-па са нормозооспермијом и група са патолошким налазом спермограма. Друга група је затим подељена на подгрупе: олигозооспермија, астенозооспермија и тератозооспер-мија. Активност супероксид-дисмутазе била је нижа, док су вредности малондиалдехидаи -SH група биле више у гру-пама са поремећеним параметрима спермограма, али не статистички значајно. Стопа фертилизације била је значајно нижа у групи са астенозооспермијом и тератозооспермијом (p = 0,034), а такође и стопа порођаја (p = 0,020). Група са олигозооспермијом имала је значајно нижу стопу порођаја (p = 0,013).Закључак У овој студији пронађене су више стопе ферти-лизације и порођаја у групи са нормозооспермијом. Није било значајне корелације између параметара оксидативног стреса и спермограма

Određivanje nivoa hroma, kobalta i nikla u krvi odraslog stanovništva na teritoriji Beograda

The microelements chromium, cobalt and nickel are necessary for the proper functioning of the organism. At higher concentrations, they can cause toxic effects (organ disfunction, genetic damage). They are widespread in the enviroment. They reach our body through food, water, air and/or skin. The aim of this study was to determine the reference values of chromium, cobalt and nickel in the blood of adult residents of Belgrade and determine the degree of influence of individual, socioeconomic factors and lifestyle habits on blood levels of these metals. The study population consisted of adults, healthy population, 18 to 65 years of age, who were voluntary blood donors. The study included 715 men (72.7%) and 269 women (27.3%). Blood collected in vacutainers with heparin, was used for analysis. 984 samples were analysed. The metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (7700x, Agilent, USA), with octopol reactive system and micro-flow nebulizer. The average age of participants was 37.2 10.8. The reference values of the analysed metals, shown as the 95 percentile, were 0.95µg/L, 0.62µg/L and 1.46µg/L for chromium, cobalt and nickel, respectively, and were in good correlation with the values obtained in biomonitoring studies conducted in Europe. This study showed that population of Serbian origin had significantly lower blood concentrations of chromium, that cobalt blood levels in women were significantly higher and cobalt and nickel levels increased with age in both sexes. Education and economic status, cigarette smoking and sports did not significantly affect the levels of these metals in the blood.Mikroelementi hrom, kobalt i nikl su potrebni za pravilno funkcionisanje organizma. U većim koncentracijama mogu ispoljiti toksične efekte poput ometanja pravilne funkcije organa i dovesti do genetskih oštećenja i karcinogeneze. Široko su rasprostranjeni u životnoj sredini. Putem hrane, vode, vazduha i/ili kože dospevaju u naš organizam. Cilj rada bio je da se utvrde referentne vrednosti hroma, kobalta i nikla u krvi odraslih stanovnika grada Beograda, kao i stepen uticaja individualnih, socioekonomskih faktora i životnih navika na nivoe ovih metala u krvi. Ispitivanu populaciju je činilo odraslo, zdravo stanovništvo,ukupno 715 muškaraca (72,7%) i 269 žena (27,3%) od 18 do 65 godina starosti, koji su bili dobrovoljni davaoci krvi. Za analizu je korišćena krv sakupljana u vakutejnere sa heparinom. Analizirano je 984 uzoraka. Koncentracija metala je određena metodom masene spektrometrije sa induktivno spregnutom plazmom (7700x, Agilent, USA), sa oktopol reaktivnim sistemom i „micro‐flow“ raspršivačem. Prosečna starost ispitanika iznosila je 37,210,8 godina. Referentne vrednosti ispitivanih metala u krvi, prikazane kao 95. percentil su 0,95 µg/L, 0,62 µg/L i 1,46 µg/L za hrom, kobalt i nikl, redom, su u dobroj korelaciji sa vrednostima dobijenim u biomonitoring studijama sprovedenim u Evropi. Istraživanje uticaja individualnih faktora je pokazalo da je hrom izmeren u značajno nižim koncentracijama kod stanovništva srpske nacionalnosti, da su nivoi kobalta u krvi žena značajno viši i da se nivoi kobalta i nikla povećavaju sa starenjem kod oba pola. Obrazovanje i ekonomski status, pušenje cigareta i bavljenje sportom ne utiču statistički značajno na nivoe ovih metala u krvi.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Cadmium, Mercury and Lead in Hypericum perforatum L. collected in Western Serbia

Wild population of Hypericum perforatum growing in Western Serbia was analyzed for the content of important environmental pollutants cadmium, mercury and lead. Metal contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Obtained results showed that levels of mercury and lead were under while cadmium concentrations exceeded limits recommended for medicinal plants. High levels of cadmium in investigated plants can be the result of soil enriched with cadmium as well as the ability of Hypericum perforatum to accumulate cadmium

Arsenic in drinking water in Northern region of Serbia

In this study we present the results of arsenic concentration in water samples from public water supply system of city Zrenjanin and three Northern municipalities Elemis, Taras and Melenci taken every month during 2002, 2007 and 2011. Total arsenic content was determined using AAS technique with hydride generation system. Determined levels of arsenic in all investigated samples were more than 10 times higher than the maximum permissible limit recommended by WHO (10 mu g/L) and even reached levels higher than 300 mu g/L. During 2011 drinking water from 44 pump wells in Zrenjanin was also analyzed showing that more than 50% of pump wells contain more than 10 mu g As/L. These findings can be explained by geological characteristics of Northern region of Serbia belonging to Pannonian Basin which has aquifers that contain high concentration of naturally occurring arsenic. Results suggest that arsenic levels in this Serbian region are even higher than in other countries in the Pannonian Basin. Having in mind profound deleterious effects of arsenic on human health, different social, economical and technological measures are required in order to reduce arsenic concentration to acceptable limits

Prisustvo ftalata u igračkama analiziranim u Institutu za javno zdravlje Srbije “Milan Jovanović Batut” za period od 5 godina (2017‐2021)

Phthalates are commonly used plasticizers for plastic materials. Number of toys are made from plastic materials or are coated with plastic layer. No existence of chemical bound between phthalates and polymer layers means their easy migration. Children’s exposure to phthalates is recognised as a threat to their health, since phthalates interfere with hormones level (endocrine disrupter chemicals – EDC), but can also induce hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, allergic diseases and astma and disrupt thyroid function. Rulebook on Toy safety (“Official Gazette of RS” No. 78/2019) was published in 2019, to set rules on toys safety and their free movement on the market. Phthalates are prohibited, individually or in combination in a concentration equal to or greater than 0.1% (m/m). Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), Di-n- butyl phthalate (DBP), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) are listed as prohibited, but DIBP restrictions start from July 2023 (1). In accordance with this legislative, laboratory of Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut” analyses part of these toys present on the market in Serbia. Total of 232 toy samples were analysed in the last 5 years (2017-2021), by HPLC-DAD. Phthalates are found in 40 samples (17.2%), 10 samples (4.3%) were bellow and 30 (12.9%) exceeded concentration of 0.1% (m/m). The most common elevated phthalates were DEHP and DBP. During 2019 and 2021 no phthalates are found in samples. Constant appearance of new toy manufacturers and control of existing ones demand monitoring of toys present on RS market, for the purpose of children's safety.Ftalati spadaju u najčešće korišćene plastifikatore za plastične materijale. Veliki broj igračaka izrađen je od plastike ili je plastificiran. Usled nepostojanja hemijske veze između ftalata i slojeva polimera, lako može doći do migracije ftalata. Izloženost dece ftalatima prepoznata je kao pretnja po zdravlje, budući da su ftalati klasifikovani u grupu jedinjenja endokrinih ometača (EDC), pošto utiču na promene nivoa hormona, ali takođe mogu dovesti i do oštećenja jetre, bubrega, poremećaja rada štitaste žlezde, alergijskih bolesti i astme. Pravilnik o bezbednosti igračaka Republike Srbije („Službeni glasnik RS” broj 78/2019) donešen je u cilju uspostavljanja pravila o bezbednosti igračaka i njihovom slobodnom kretanju na tržištu. Upotreba ftalata kao plastifikatora zabranjena je, pojedinačno ili u smeši, ako je koncentracija jednaka ili veća od 0,1% (m/m). Na listi zabranjenih ftalata su: butilbenzil ftalat (BBP), di-n-butil ftalat (DBP), di-2-etilheksil ftalat (DEHP), kao i di-izo-butil ftalat (DIBP) čija zabrana stupa na snagu od jula 2023. godine (1). U skladu sa postojećim propisima, laboratorija Instituta za javno zdravlje Srbije „Dr Milan Jovanović Batut“ analizira deo igračaka prisutnih na tržištu u Srbiji. Tokom prethodnih 5 godina (2017-2021) analizirano je ukupno 232 uzoraka igračaka. Ftalati su nađeni u 40 uzoraka (17,2%), od kojih je 10 uzoraka (4,3%) imalo ispod, a 30 (12,9%) preko granične koncentracije od 0,1% (m/m). Najčešće povišeni ftalati su DEHP i DBP. Tokom 2019. i 2021. godine u uzorcima nije utvrđeno prisustvo ftalata. Usled stalne pojave novih proizvođača igračaka, kao i kontrole već prisutnih, neophodan je redovan monitoring igračaka na tržištu RS radi bezbednosti dece.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra

Effects of oral and intraperitoneal magnesium treatment against cadmiuminduced oxidative stress in plasma of rats

Cadmium (Cd) has been recognised as one of the most important environmental and industrial pollutants, and up-to-date investigations have shown that one of the mechanisms of its toxicity is associated with the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the connection between acute oral and intraperitoneal exposure to Cd and parameters indicative of oxidative stress in the plasma of rats, as well as to examine the potential protective effect of magnesium (Mg) in conditions of acute oral and intraperitoneal Cd poisoning. The experiment was performed on male albino Wistar rats (n=40) randomly divided into control group, Cd-or group that received 30 mg kg(-1) b.w. Cd by oral gavage, Cd+Mg-or group that orally received 50 mg kg(-1) b.w. Mg one hour before oral Cd, Cd-ip group that received 1.5 mg kg(-1) b.w. Cd intraperitoneally, and Cd+Mg-ip group that intraperitoneally received 3 mg kg(-1) b.w. Mg 10 min before intraperitoneal Cd. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after treatment and the following parameters were measured: superoxide-dismutase activity, superoxide anion, total oxidative status, advanced oxidation protein products, and malondialdehyde. All parameters of oxidative stress in rat plasma were negatively affected by Cd treatment with more pronounced negative effects after intraperitoneal treatment, with the exception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Although both oral and intraperitoneal Mg pretreatment had protective effects, more pronounced beneficial effects were observed after oral administration, since it managed to completely prevent Cd-induced changes in the investigated parameters. The observed results support the use of Mg as potential protective agent against toxic effects caused by Cd

Can zinc supplementation ameliorate cadmium-induced alterations in the bioelement content in rabbits?

The study was designed to investigate the influence of zinc (Zn) supplementation on cadmium-induced alterations in zinc, copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) status in rabbits. For this purpose, the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), Zn, Cu, and Mg were estimated in the blood, liver, kidney, and bone. The rabbits were divided in a control group, a Cd group-animals intoxicated orally with Cd (10mg kg(-1) bw, as aqueous solution of Cd-chloride), and a Cd+ Zn group-animals intoxicated with the same dose of Cd and co-treated with Zn (20 mg kg(-1) bw, as aqueous solution of Zn-sulphate). Solutions were administered orally, every day for 28 days. Sample mineralisation was performed with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and perchloric acid (HClO4) (4: 1) and metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Zinc supplementation improved some of Cd-induced disturbances in bioelement levels in the investigated tissues. Beneficial effects of Zn on Zn and Cu levels were observed in blood, as well as on the Cu kidney level. The calculated values for Cu/Zn,Mg/Zn, and Mg/Cu ratios in blood suggest that Zn co-treatment reduces Cd-induced changes in bioelement ratios in blood

The role of toxic metals and metalloids in nrf2 signaling

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an emerging regulator of cellular resis-tance to oxidants, serves as one of the key defensive factors against a range of pathological processessuch as oxidative damage, carcinogenesis, as well as various harmful chemicals, including metals.An increase in human exposure to toxic metals via air, food, and water has been recently observed,which is mainly due to anthropogenic activities. The relationship between environmental exposureto heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni), as well asmetaloid arsenic (As), and transition metal chromium (Cr), and the development of various humandiseases has been extensively investigated. Their ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)production through direct and indirect actions and cause oxidative stress has been documentedin various organs. Taking into account that Nrf2 signaling represents an important pathway inmaintaining antioxidant balance, recent research indicates that it can play a dual role depending onthe specific biological context. On one side, Nrf2 represents a potential crucial protective mechanismin metal-induced toxicity, but on the other hand, it can also be a trigger of metal-induced carcinogen-esis under conditions of prolonged exposure and continuous activation. Thus, this review aims tosummarize the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the functional interrelation between the toxicmetals and Nrf2 signaling