Effect of different levels of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on productive performance, carcass characteristics and organs of broiler chickens

In this work we aimed to determine the effect of different levels of green tea in powder form to feed on productive performance, carcass parameters and organs in broiler chickens. Totally 240 day-old broiler chickens Ross 308 were divided to four dietary groups (n = 60) namely control and three experimental groups with supplementation of green tea to feed mixture in levels 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Broiler chickens were feeding with commercial feed mixtures and feed and drinking water were provided ad libittum. The feeding period lasted 42 days. Individual body weight of broiler chickens was determined at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 day, feed sonsumption and mortality per group were determined at 42 day of fattening period. Carcass quality and organs weight of broiler chickens were determined at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that supplementation of different levels of green tea statistically significant decreased body weight gain and we recorded lower body weight in 21 days of age compared with control group. However, in second period of fattening, broiler chickens in experimental groups growing faster and in 42 days of age we found statistically no significantly differences among control and experimental groups. Feed consumption did not differ among the dietary groups at 42 days of fattening. Mortality no affected by supplementation of green tea to broiler chickens diets in comparison with control group. From the carcass parameters addition of green tea significantly decreased percentage of abdominal fat between control and 1.5% green tea level, in other parameters (percentage of breast, percentage of drumstick, carcass yield) were different among control and experimental groups not statistically significant. The caecum and small intestine weights was significantly (p ≤0.05) decreased in chickens fed diets containing 0.5% green tea supplement compared to 1% and 1.5%. For neck, crop, heart, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, caecum and large intestine weights among control and experimental groups we recorded no statistical differences (p ˃0.05)

THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH STATUS IN CALVES WITH SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF HEIFERS AND MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between enteritis and pneumonia during first months of life and subsequent growth and milk production traits of these animals. A total of 1327 calves were followed in this study. Calves were divided to three groups: Group A) healthy calves; Group B) calves that suffered from enteritis one or more times from the birth to 6 mo of age; and Group C) calves that suffered from birth to 6 mo of age from pneumonia. Subsequently all animals were observed at the following age stages: calves, heifers and cows. For all groups (age stages) the weight and daily weight gain in calves (in the breeding period from birth to 6 mo of age), the weight and daily weight gain weight in heifers (in the breeding period from 7 to 25 mo of age) and production parameters of cows in the first lactation (milk in kg, fat in kg and protein in kg) were recorded. Calves in Groups B and C exhibited lower average daily gain (690.40 g, SD = 186.18, N.S. and 636.80 g, SD = 221.19, P < 0.05 respectively) than healthy calves (Group A, 703.91 g, SD = 223.48). Heifers in Group B exhibited increased daily weight gain (830.01, SD = 73.57, N.S.) compared to healthy animals (Group A, 828.31, SD = 89.16). The general hypothesis regarding the negative effect of enteritis (in breeding age animals that suffer from disease) on growth in the Simmental breed has not been confirmed. Heifers that had suffered with pneumonia (Group C) showed significantly lower average daily gain (784.64, SD = 102.96, P < 0.05) than heifers in group A and B. In the evaluation of milk production in the first lactation, average production of 5800 kg per lactation (SD = 3.96) was recorded in Group A cows. Cows in Group B in first lactation produced 5977 kg of milk per lactation on average (SD = 4.31). Cows from Group C in first lactation produced lowest amount of milk during the first lactation period (5674 kg, SD = 3.87), but difference among A, B and C group was not significant

EFFECT OF DIETARY SODIUM SELENITE AND SE-ENRICHED YEAST ON EGG-SHELL QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF LAYING HENS EGGS

The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of feed supplementation with selenite or selenized yeast on eggs quality of laying hens. Hens of laying breed Isabrown were randomly divided at the day of hatching into 4 groups (n=12) and fed ad libitum for 9 months on diets which differed only in amounts or forms of selenium supplemented. Hens were fed from 1st day by standard feed mixture. Control group get only native dose of selenium (0.1 mg/kg) naturally presented in feed mixtures. First experimental group get selenium addition 0.4 mg/kg in a form of sodium selenite, second one the same dose of 0.4 mg/kg but in organic form of Se-yeast. The diet for the fourth group was supplemented with Se-yeast at Se dose 0.9 mg/kg DM. The both doses of organic selenium had significantly (P&lt;0.05) beneficial influence on the egg weight (g±SD) (60.45±3.87a; 60.81±5.63a; 62.41±3.72b; 62.15±3.16b). Significantly lower values of egg shell weight and egg shell ratio were found out in experimental group with sodium selenite only. The significantly lower egg shell strength (N/cm2) was in the experimental groups with supplementation of Se in both forms. Average egg shell thickness (μm) were not significantly affected (P&gt;0.05) by the supplementation of Se into the feed mixture for laying hens

Growth of beef cattle as prediction for meat production: A review

Article Details: Received: 2019-12-12 | Accepted: 2020-03-09 | Available online: 2020-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.02.58-69Increased interest in the breeding of beef cows results from the trends of society, especially in the consumption of quality raw materials of animal origin. Breeding of beef cattle is often encountered as part of a modern rural lifestyle. The good growth ability of calves is a decisive factor in the profitability of breeding of suckling cows and decides on the breeder‘s satisfaction in setting purchase prices. This quantity is expressed mainly by the average daily gains and the live weight of calves under one year of age. In addition to the achieved weight of beef, is very important shaping of individual body parts representing the most valuable meat parts of animal, to which the body measurements of sires must correspond. Weight gains point to the degree of adaptation of a specific breed to the farming conditions. Equally, the genetic basis of an individual influences the achieved weight of animal. Genetic improvement of meat performance depends on breeding programs that exploit genetic variability between breeds and within the breed. Moreover, the breeding conditions and animal handling could influence the increasing of live weight. Breeding efficiency will always be a summary of factors that determine the own cost and the purchase price of weaned calves. In view of the above, this review is focuses on the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the growth characteristics of different cattle breeds as well as its relationship with slaughter characteristics.Keywords: body measurements, body weight, breed, factor, growth characteristicsReferencesALBERTÍ, P. et al. (2005). Carcass characterization of seven Spanish beef breeds slaughtered at two commercial weights. Meat Science, 71(3), 514–521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.04.033ALBERTÍ, P. et al. (2008). 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Influence of estrus on changes of locomotion activity and rumination time in cattle dams

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-15 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.127-130The study is focused on the evaluation of the changes in locomotion activity and rumination time in heifers and dairy cows of Holstein breed during estrus. We analysed the locomotion activity and rumination time using the Heatime RuminAct device on 110 dams (78 dairy cows and 32 heifers). We evaluated a total of 298 estrus cycles during the reference period of 3 days before estrus, 3 days after estrus and on the day of the estrus occurrence. The locomotion of cows was expressed in units of locomotion activity in 24 hours (u.24h-1). Rumination time was expressed in minutes in 24 hours (min.24h-1). Based on the results of the study, we established that during estrus, the locomotion activity of dams increases to 888 u 24 h-1 (P <0.001), which represents an increase of +305 u.24 h-1 (+38%). Rumination time of dams was considerably affected by estrus as well and decreased from 582 min.24 h-1 (1 day before estrus) to 482 min.24-1 in estrus time (-43 min.24 h-1).Key words: cattle dams, estrus, locomotion activity, rumination time, Heatime RuminAct ReferencesAdin, G., et al. (2008). Heat production, eating behaviour and milk yield of lactating cows fed two rations differing in roughage content and digestibility under heat load conditions. Livestock Science, 19, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.012Arney, D.R. & Kitwood, S.E. & Phillips, C.J.C. (1994). The increase in activity during oestrus in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 40, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90062-0Brehme, U. et al. (2006). ALT pedometer- A new sensor-aided measurement system for improvement in oestrus detection. Research in Agricultural Engineering, 52, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2007.08.014De Silva, A. et al. (1981). Interrelationships with estrus behaviour and conception in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 64, 2409-2418. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82864-0Firk, R. et al. (2002). Systematic effects on activity, milk yield, milk flow rate and electrical conductivity. Archiv fur Tierzucht, 45, 213-222. 10.5194/aab-45-213-2002Forde, N. et al. (2011). Oestrous cycles in Bos taurus cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 124, 163-169. 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.025 Hurnik, J. & King, G. & Robertson, H. (1975). Estrus and related behaviour in postpartum Holstein cows. Applied Animal Ethology, 2, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3762(75)90065-6Lukas, J. & Reneau, J. & Linn, J. (2008). Water intake and dry mater intake changes as a feeding management tool and indicator of health and estrus status in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3385-3394. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0926Madureira, A.M.L. et al. (2013). Factors affecting expression of estrus of lactating dairy cows using activity monitors. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 600–601. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9672Maltz, E. et al. (1997). The body weight of dairy cows. Introductory study into body weight changes in dairy cows as a management aid. Livest. Prod. Sci. 48, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00024-9Mičiaková, M. et al. (2018). Several methods of estrus detection in cattle dams: a review. Acta Universitatis Agriculture et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 66, 619-625 10.11118/actaun201866020619Phillips, C.J.C. and Schofield, S.A. (1990). The effects of environment and stage of the oestrous cycle on the behaviour of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 27, 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90004-WReith, S. and Hoy, S. (2012a). Automatic monitoring of rumination time for oestrus detection in dairy cattle. International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, Valencia, Spain, July 8-12, C0621.Reith, S. and Hoy, S. (2012b). Relationship between daily rumination time and estrus of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1-2. 10.3168/jds.2012-5316 Reith, S. et al. (2014a). Influence of estrus on dry matter intake, water intake and BW of dairy cows. Animal, 8, 748-753. 10.1017/S1751731114000494 Reith, S. & Brandt, H. & Hoy, S. (2014b). Simultaneous analysis of activity and rumination time, based on collar-mounted sensor technology, of dairy cows over the peri-estrus period. Livestock Science, 170, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.013Roelofs, J.B et al. (2005). Pedometer readings for estrus detection and as predictor for time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 64, 1690-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.004Rorie, R.W. & Bilby, T.R. & Lester, T.D. (2002). 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Analyse of traits of milk production in dairy cows

When evaluating milk performance indicators, we mainly focused on dairy cows of the Holstein breed and its cross-breeds. Within the Holstein breed and its cross-breeds we evaluated 68 dairy cows, which produced on average 6447.63 kg of milk, 272.42 kg of fat, 210.73 kg of proteins and 307.79 kg of lactose. By means of a device LACTOSCAN 90 we defined basic milk components in our samples in laboratory conditions on the basis of set working procedures. Average fat content in our samples stood at 3.87 g/100 g. Average proteins content in our samples stood at 3.36 g/100 g. Average lactose content stood at 4.96 g/100 g. When assessing milk technological qualities we determined the average milk acidity value in our samples, which was 5.85 oSH. The average thermostability value of the tested samples was 2.75. In the milk cheeseability test the shortest time needed for sample precipitation was detected in samples No. 4 (42 s.),   No. 13 (185 s.) and No.11 (190 s.).  

Comparative analysis of the external and internal egg quality in different pure chicken breeds

The present study was conducted to evaluate some parameters of external and internal egg quality of some pure dual chicken breeds.  A total of 500 eggs (100 eggs from each breed) were collected to study for egg (weight, shape index), albumen (weight, percentage), yolk (weight, percentage) and shell (weight, percentage, thickness, strength) quality. The eggs were analysed in the laboratory of Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The results showed that the egg weight and egg length of New Hampshire were significantly higher (P0.05). Differences in albumen weight, albumen percentage, yolk weight and yolk percentage of tested dual chicken breeds were statistically no significant (P>0.05). Albumen height was significantly higher (P0.05) in egg shell thickness and strength

VPLYV SELENIČITAMU SODNÉHO A SELÉNOM OBOHATENÝCH KVASNÍC NA KVALITATÍVNE PARAMETRE ŠKRUPINY VAJEC ZNÁŠKOVÝCH SLIEPOK

The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of feed supplementation with selenite or selenized yeast on eggs quality of laying hens. Hens of laying breed Isabrown were randomly divided at the day of hatching into 4 groups (n=12) and fed ad libitum for 9 months on diets which differed only in amounts or forms of selenium supplemented. Hens were fed from 1st day by standard feed mixture. Control group get only native dose of selenium (0.1 mg/kg) naturally presented in feed mixtures. First experimental group get selenium addition 0.4 mg/kg in a form of sodium selenite, second one the same dose of 0.4 mg/kg but in organic form of Se-yeast. The diet for the fourth group was supplemented with Se-yeast at Se dose 0.9 mg/kg DM. The both doses of organic selenium had significantly (P<0.05) beneficial influence on the egg weight (g±SD) (60.45±3.87a; 60.81±5.63a; 62.41±3.72b; 62.15±3.16b). Significantly lower values of egg shell weight and egg shell ratio were found out in experimental group with sodium selenite only. The significantly lower egg shell strength (N/cm2) was in the experimental groups with supplementation of Se in both forms. Average egg shell thickness (μm) were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by the supplementation of Se into the feed mixture for laying hens.Pokus bol uskutočnený s cieľom sledovania vplyvu prídavku anorganického selénu (Se) alebo selenizovaných kvasníc na kvalitu vajec znáškových sliepok. Kurčatá znáškového hybrida Isabrown boli náhodne rozdelené do 4 skupín (n = 12) a od 1.dňa života kŕmené po dobu 9 mesiacov kŕmnou zmesou s prídavkami rozdielnych množstiev alebo foriem Se. Sliepky boli kŕmené štandardnými kompletnými kŕmnymi zmesami pre odchov a neskôr v chove zmesou pre vajcia produkujúce nosnice ad libitum. Sliepky v kontrolnej skupine prijímali kompletnú kŕmnu zmes s natívnou dávkou Se, v prvej experimentálnej skupine bol prídavok Se vo forme seleničitanu sodného v množstve 0,4 mg/kg sušiny, v druhej experimentálnej skupine bola zmes obohatená o Se v dávke 0,4 mg/kg sušiny, ale vo forme organickým Se obohateného kvasničného extraktu, v tretej experimentálnej skupine dostávali sliepky zmes obohatenú o selenizované kvasnice v dávke 0,9 mg/kg sušiny, teda nad limit povolený EÚ. V pokuse boli sledované ukazovatele: hmotnosť vajec (g), merná hmotnosť vajec (g/cm3), hmotnosť škrupiny (g), merná hmotnosť škrupiny (g/cm3), percentuálny podiel škrupiny (%), pevnosť škrupiny (N/cm2) a priemerná hrúbka škrupiny (μm). Pri hmotnosti vajca sa štatisticky významne (p<0,05) prejavil priaznivý vplyv oboch dávok organickej formy Se. Štatisticky nižšia pevnosť škrupiny bola v experimentálnych skupinách s prídavkom Se v oboch formách, pri priemernej hrúbke škrupiny boli rozdiely medzi jednotlivými skupinami štatisticky nevýznamné (p>0,05)

Morphological changes of reproductive organs during egg formation of autochthonous Oravka hens

Article Details: Received: 2020-11-01 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.33-36 In this study we investigated the changes of reproductive organs and duration of egg formation in autochthonous Oravka hens. The changes of ovary and oviduct in defferent time were investigated on 66 hens at the top of the laying. Reproductive organs have to change their weight and morphological structure depending on the dynamics of egg formation. From ovulation to laying the ovary weight increased from 47.29 to 51.55 g, oviduct weight from 71.89 to 76,31 g. Oviduct length varied from 67.39 to 68.51 g, thee functional parts were changed depending on their activity. Length of the individual oviduct parts was – infundibulum from 3.46 to 3.59 cm, magnum 36.89 to 39.98 cm, isthmus 8.87 to 10.78 cm, uterus from 10.39 to 11.97 cm and vagina from 4.89 to 5.41 cm.  Keywords: Oravka, hen, egg formation, ovary, oviduct References Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F-test. Biometric, 11, 10–42. doi:10.2307/3001478Halaj, M. (1982). Morphological changes of reproductive organs of hens during egg formation. Acta zootechnica, 38, 161-173. In SlovakHead, V. (2010). Keeping chickens and other poultry. London: Aucturus Publishing Limited, 160 s. ISBN 978 -1-90723-014-9.Hobson, J. &  Lewis, C. (2009). Choosing & Raising Chickens. David & Charles Limited, 2009, 160 s. ISBN 978-0-7153-3664-9.Hocking, P.M. et al. (1987). Ovarian follicular structure of white leghorns fed ad libitum and dwarf and normal broiler breeders fed ad libitum or restricted until point of lay. British Poultry Science, 28, 493-506.Hocking, P.M. and McCormack, H.A. (1995). Differential sensitivity of ovarian follicles to gonadotrophin stimulation in broiler and layer lines of domestic fowl. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 105, 49-55.Iwasawa, A. et al. (2010) Morphological and histochemical changes in the uterus epithelium during eggshell formation in quail. Journal of Poultry Science, 47, 183-189.  https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.009112JASP 0.8.6 software (2018). Available on https://jasp-stats.org/Khokhlov, R. YU. and Kuznetcov, S. I. (2007). Morphogenesis of a tunica mucosa of oviduct of the hens. International Journal of Morphology, 25(2):329-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000200014Mahmud, M.A. et al. (2017). Gross morphological and morphometric studies of oviduct in three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous laying chickens. Journal of Diary, Veterinary & Amimal Research, 5 (4), 138-142. DOI: 10.15406/jdvar.2017.05.00151Mishra, B. et al. (2019). Genetic and hormonal regulation of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens. Poultry - An Advanced Learning, Asghar Ali Kamboh, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85011. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/poultry-an-advanced-learning/genetic-and-hormonal-regulation-of-egg -formation-in-the-oviduct-of-laying-hensMohammadi, H. and Ansari-Pirsaraei, Z. (2016). Follicle diameters, egg weight, and egg production performance in old laying hens injected with growth hormone and testosterone. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18, 949-959.Moraes, C. et al. (2010). Morphology and histology of the oviduct of Marrecas Anaboschas. Arq Brasilian Veterinary Medicine and Zoological Technology, 62(2), 34-44. 10.15406/jdvar.2017.05.00151Peris, L. et al. (2005). Effect of lighting program on development of follicles during sexual maturation of laying hens. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 21 (5-6), 247-251.Pollock, C.G. and Orosz, S.E. (2002). Avian reproductive, anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. Veterinary Clinical Exotica, 5(3), 441-474.  DOI: 10.1016/s1094-9194(02)00010-5Rahman, A. (2013). An introduction to morphology of the reproductive system and anatomy of hen’s egg. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 8, 1-10. DOI: 10.3329/jles.v8i0.20133Robinson, F.E. et al. (1996). Effects of age at photostimulation on reproductive efficiency and carcass characteristics. 2. Egg- type hens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 76, 283-288.Sah, N and Mishra, B. (2018). Regulation of egg formation in the oviduct of laying hen. World's Poultry Science Journal. 74 (3), 509-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000442Veterany, L. &  Jedlička, J. (2002). Poultry Anatomy. Nitra, Garrmond, 97 p. ISBN 80-968659-4-3. In SlovakVijayakumar, K. et al. (2014) Macro anatomy of female reproductive tract during laying and non-laying period in adult emu birds (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(12), 793-795

The impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on somatic cell count as a monitor of udder health in Slovak Simmental dairy cows

Received: 2018-05-18 | Accepted: 2018-05-22 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.166-168The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on somatic cells count in Slovak Simmental dairy cows in period 2009 to 2013. We observed subsequent results in dairy cows of 55 822 Slovak Simmental cattle. Data were analysed using the SAS and linear model with fixed effects of herd, years and months controls, sire, breeding type. The results of somatic cells count during the years 2009 and 2013 were as follows: the highest number of samples was analysed during 2010 (n = 288 215), where the average count was 560.48*103 ·ml-1. The lowest average value of somatic cells count was of amount of 535.93*103 ·ml-1 (n = 280 732) in 2009.The linear model represents coefficient determination R2 = 0.038296 % (P<0.001) for SCC with all fixed effects. According to the analyses by the effects on SCC the highest effect was the effect of herd R2 = 0.021625, then effect of sire R2 = 0.015075. These effects were highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Correlation coefficients among milk in kg, fat, protein in % with somatic cells count were r = -0.12918, r = 0.04166 and r = 0.11423. These coefficients were highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Keywords: dairy cows, milk production, Slovak Simmental cattle, somatic cells count and coefficient of determinationReferencesAlhussien M.N., Dang A.K. (2018) Milk somatic cells, factors influencing their release, future prospects, and practical utility in dairy animals: An overview. Veterinary World, 11 (5), 562-577. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.562-577Boro, P., Naha, B., Prakash, Ch., Madkar, A., Kumar, N., Kumari, A., Prakash Channa, G. (2016) Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting milk composition in dairy cows. International Journal of Advanced Biological Research, 6 (2), 170-174.Cerón-Muñoz, M., Tonhati, H., Duarte, J., Oliveira, J., Muñoz-Berrocal, M., Jurado-Gámez, H. (2002) Factors affecting somatic cell counts and their relations with milk and milk constituent yield in buffaloes. Journal of dairy science, 85 (11), 2885-2889 https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(02)74376-2/pdfde Freitas, J. A., da Silva, J., FróesGarcezNeto, A., Machado dos Santos, T. (2017) Somatic cell count and milk yield on physicochemical components of milk from free-stall housed cows. Semina: CiênciasAgrárias, 38 (2). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n2p909Jadhav, P.V., Tarate, S.B., Bhuvana, M., Das, D.N., Shome, B.R. (2016) Somatic cell count as a monitoring system for hygienic milk production in India: A review. Asian J. Dairy & Food Res., 35, 270-277.Japertienė, R., Anskienė, L., Japertas, S. (2016) Evaluation of the milk production and somatic cell count of Lithuanian purebred and crossbred dairy cows. VeterinarijairZootechnika, 73 (95) Supplement, 51-57.Jattawa, D., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo, M. A., Suwanasopee, T. (2012)  Somatic cells count and its genetic association with milk yield in dairy cattle raised under Thai tropical environmental conditions. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 25 (9), 1216. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12159Oudah, E. Z. M. (2009) Non-genetic factors affecting somatic cell count, milk urea content, test-day milk yield and milk protein percent in dairy cattle of the Czech Republic using individual test-day records. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21.Rhone, J. A., Koonawootrittriron, S., Elzo M.A. (2008) Factorsaffecting milk yield, milk fat, bacterial score, and bulk tank somatic cell count of dairy farms in the central region of Thailand. In Tropical animal health and production, 40 (2), 147-153.Saravanan, R., Das, D. N., De, S., Panneerselvam, S. (2015) Effect of season and parity on somatic cell count across zebu and crossbred cattle population. Indian J. Anim. Res., 49, 383-387. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00127.2SAS User’s Guide 2002-2003. Version 9.3 (TS1M3). SAS Institute. Inc., Carry. NC. USA.Savić, N. R., Mikulec, D. P., Radovanović, R. S. (2017) Somatic Cell Counts in Bulk Milk and their Importance for Milk Processing. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 85, p012085.Sharif, A., Muhammad, G. (2008) Somatic cell count as an indicator of udder health status under Modern dairy production: a review. Pakistan Vet. J., 28 (4), 194-200.Souza, G. N., Brito, José R. F., Brito, Maria A. V. P., Moreira, Élvio C., da Silva, Marcos V. G. B.(2005) Factors affecting somatic cell counts (SCC) in Brazilian dairy cows. In: Animals and environment. Vol.1: Proceedings of the XII-th ISAH Congress on Animal Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland, 4-8 September 2005, BEL Studio sp. zoo., 237-240.Tančin, V., Mikláš, Š., Mačuhová, L. (2018)  Possible physiological and environmental factors affecting milk production and udder health of dairy cows: a review. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 51 (1), 32–40.The Breeding Service of the Slovak Republic. S.E., (B.S. SR, S.E.) (2014) Results of dairy herd milk recording in Slovak Republic at control years 2009 to 2013