Effect of glycemic status on peripheral nerve conduction in lower limbs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases globally. Diabetic neuropathy is the most common & troublesome complication. But exact pathogenesis is not yet known. Comparatively there are few studies showing relation between glycemic status & diabetic neuropathy. Hence present study was conducted, which was aimed to assess the same in lower limbs in type 2 DM.  Methods: 60 type 2 diabetes mellitus male patients were selected from diabetic OPD. 30 were having glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6%-9% (group B), 30 were having HbA1c > 9% (group C). They were compared with age and sex matched 30 normal healthy controls (group A). Conduction velocity and amplitude of bilateral sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and peroneal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were recorded. Glycated hemoglobin was measured using ion exchange resin method. Results: Group B and group C had significantly lesser means of conduction velocity and amplitude of sural SNAP (p<0.001) and peroneal CMAP (p<0.05) as compared to group A. Hb A1c had statistically significant negative correlation with conduction velocity and amplitude of sural SNAP (p<0.001) as well as peroneal CMAP (p<0.001). Conclusions: This study shows that diabetic patients with higher blood glucose levels are at increased risk of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy in lower limbs worsens with increasing blood glucose levels. Hence stringent action has to be taken at an early stage to control blood glucose levels. Also, patients should be encouraged for regular follow up and strict glycemic control.

Histopathological Study of Non-neoplastic and Neoplastic Testicular lesions- A Retrospective study

Introduction: Testis is affected by wide range of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Non-neoplastic lesions are more common than neoplastic ones. Despite of availability of imaging and tumour marker assays, the diagnosis of testicular lesions depends primarily on Histopathological examination. Aims and Objectives: To study the Histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic and neoplastic testicular lesions in our institute. Material and methods: A 4-year retrospective study was undertaken in department of pathology of our institute from 1st Jan 2016- 31st Dec 2019. Results: Total 39 orchidectomy specimens were studied for age distribution and Histopathological diagnosis of lesions. Non-neoplastic lesions were noted to be more common than neoplastic ones. Amongst non-neoplastic lesions, inflammatory were more common including Epididymorchitis (17.94%), testicular abscess (10.2%), Chronic orchitis (7.69%) and granulomatous orchitis (7.69%). Spectrum of neoplastic lesions included majority Seminoma testis (7.69%) followed by malignant testicular teratoma (5.12%). Conclusion: Non-neoplastic testicular lesions are common than neoplastic lesions. Certain non-neoplastic lesions clinically mimic neoplastic ones, Histopathological examination forms mainstay for diagnosis and further treatment in such cases. Keywords: Histopathology, Orchitis, Seminoma, Testicular lesions

Study of Pulmonary Function Tests and Muscle Strength in Sportsmen of Tribal Region of Gujarat

Introduction -Regular exercise has a direct association with pulmonary function measures. When compared to non-exercising persons, athletes have greater lung capacity as a result of frequent exercise. Muscle strength is defined as the maximum force created during a maximal voluntary contraction under a certain set of circumstances. The researchers wanted to see if there was a difference in pulmonary function tests [Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)] and handgrip muscular strength between athletes and sedentary controls. Material and Methods – The study included 100 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25, 50 of whom were athletes who had participated in sports such as cricket, badminton, football, volleyball, and others for at least 3-5 years, and 50 of whom were sedentary control subjects. Pulmonary function tests (VC, FEV1, and MVV) and handgrip muscle strength were performed on both groups.&nbsp;Sportsmen and control group comparison was analyzed by applying an unpaired “t” test. Significant P-value was less than 0.05 (P &lt; 0.05). In our study, it was observed that pulmonary function tests (VC, FEV1, and MVV) and handgrip muscle strength were significantly higher in sportsmen as compared to the control group