“FRECUENCIA DE REOPERACIÓN EN PACIENTES POST OPERADOS DE FUNDUPLICATURA LAPAROSCOPICA EN EL PERIODO DE FEBRERO DE 2008 A MAYO DEL 2012 EN EL CENTRO MEDICO ISSEMYM”

La falla de la funduplicatura laparoscopica de Nissen se reporta del 2% al 17%, usualmente asociada a la falla de la plastia de hiato y/o a la migración de la funduplicatura hacia el tórax. Estos dos patrones propician la mayoríade fallas reportadas en la literatura especializada actual

Group IV functionalization of low index waveguides

Low fabrication error sensitivity, integration density, channel scalability, low switching energy and low insertion loss are the major prerequisites for future on-chip WDM systems and interfacing with optical fibres. A number of device geometries have already been demonstrated that fulfil these criteria, at least in part, but combining all of the requirements is still a difficult challenge.Two contenders that could fulfil these criteria are the low loss nitride waveguiding platform and the high index group IV compounds for active photonic devices. Silicon Oxynitride (SiON) and Silicon Nitride (SiN) based waveguides are extremely powerful and central to today’s optical communications networks. The intermediate refractive index provides low footprint devices but eases the fabrication demands that can result in phase errors and repeatability problems in the all silicon approach. This enables multiplexers and demultiplexers with very low crosstalk and insertion loss and extremely low loss long range waveguides, making them very attractive for the optical backplanes and rack to rack links inside supercomputers and data centers. Group IV Photonics GeSi has a number of attractive optical characteristics for modulation, absorption and detection in a small volume area enabling low power and high density integration.Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel architecture consisting of the interfacing of a range of deposition method using low temperature PECVD and HWCVD nitride waveguides, Photonic crystal modulators [1] but also detectors [2] connected by a silicon nitride bus waveguide. The architecture features very high scalability due to the small size of the devices (~100 micrometre square) and the modulators operate with an AC energy consumption of less than 1fJ/bit

Low temperature silicon nitride waveguides for multilayer platforms

Several 3D multilayer silicon photonics platforms have been proposed to provide densely integrated structures for complex integrated circuits. Amongst these platforms, great interest has been given to the inclusion of silicon nitride layers to achieve low propagation losses due to their capacity of providing tight optical confinement with low scattering losses in a wide spectral range. However, none of the proposed platforms have demonstrated the integration of active devices. The problem is that typically low loss silicon nitride layers have been fabricated with LPCVD which involves high processing temperatures (<1000 ºC) that affect metallisation and doping processes that are sensitive to temperatures above 400ºC. As a result, we have investigated ammonia-free PECVD and HWCVD processes to obtain high quality silicon nitride films with reduced hydrogen content at low temperatures. Several deposition recipes were defined through a design of experiments methodology in which different combinations of deposition parameters were tested to optimise the quality and the losses of the deposited layers. The physical, chemical and optical properties of the deposited materials were characterised using different techniques including ellipsometry, SEM, FTIR, AFM and the waveguide loss cut-back method. Silicon nitride layers with hydrogen content between 10-20%, losses below 10dB/cm and high material quality were obtained with the ammonia-free recipe. Similarly, it was demonstrated that HWCVD has the potential to fabricate waveguides with low losses due to its capacity of yielding hydrogen contents <10% and roughness <1.5nm

Photonic crystal waveguides on silicon rich nitride platform

We demonstrate design, fabrication, and characterization of two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides on a suspended silicon rich nitride (SRN) platform for applications at telecom wavelengths. Simulation results suggest that a 210 nm photonic band gap can be achieved in such PhC structures. We also developed a fabrication process to realize suspended PhC waveguides with a transmission bandwidth of 20 nm for a W1 PhC waveguide and over 70 nm for a W0.7 PhC waveguide. Using the Fabry–Pérot oscillations of the transmission spectrum we estimated a group index of over 110 for W1 PhC waveguides. For a W1 waveguide we estimated a propagation loss of 53 dB/cm for a group index of 37 and for a W0.7 waveguide the lowest propagation was 4.6 dB/cm

Chemical composition of biomass generated in the guava tree pruning

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is a native plant of Central America and is now widely cultivated in many tropical regions of the world for the fruit production. In Mexico, in the guava orchards common practices to control fruit production are: water stress, defoliation and pruning. In this study, we report the chemical composition of the biomass (branches and leaves) generated in the pruning practices. The results ranged as follows: pH (4.98-5.88), soda solubility (39.01-70.49 %), ash (1.87-8.20 %); potassium and calcium were the major inorganic elements in ash. No heavy metals were detected in the studied samples; total solubility (15.21-46.60 %), Runkel lignin (17.77-35.26 %), holocellulose (26.56 -69.49 %), α-cellulose (15.53-35.36 %), hemicelluloses (11.02-34.12 %), tannins in aqueous extracts (3.81-9.06 %), and tannins in ethanolic extracts (3.42-15.24 %)

Liquid–liquid equilibrium for ethanolysis systems of fish oil

Enzymatic alcoholysis of fish oil can produce monoacylglycerols rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids at atmospheric pressure and low temperature. Biocatalysis in organic solvents helps to create a homogeneous reaction system for the reactants, ethanol and fish oil. This work presents liquid–liquid equilibrium at two different temperatures (303.2 K and 323.2 K) and at atmospheric pressure for two solvent-systems in the ethanolysis of fish oil: ethanol + oil + tert-pentanol and ethanol + oil + hexane. Experimental solubility (binodal) curves were obtained by the cloud point method and tie-line composition was obtained by density and high-temperature gas chromatography. The consistency of experimental tie-line data was checked by using the Othmer–Tobias equation. The experimental liquid–liquid data were correlated satisfactorily by the nonrandom two liquid model for activity coefficient calculations.MINECO (CTQ2012-39131-C02-01) and CDTI (ref. IDI-20111225

Estimación de la demanda hídrica del trigo y sorgo en el Estado de México mediante la recalibración de KT

En este estudio se realizó la estimación de la demanda hídrica del trigo y sorgo en el Estado de México mediante la recalibración del coeficiente KT, para la estimación de la evpotranspiración de referencia (ETo). Debido a que el método recomendado por la FAO es el de Penman-Monteith y a veces las variables necesarias son escasas, la tendencia es usar métodos más simples como el método del Tanque Evaporímetro. Debido a esto, el objetivo de esta investigación se centra en la recalibración del coeficiente KT para la estimación de ETo y determinar el déficit hídrico del trigo y sorgo de forma espacial para el Estado de México, a través de la implementación de la base de datos meteorológicos de CONAGUA- SMN. La comparación de los métodos fue realizada mediante la desviación estándar del error, índice de correspondencia y el cociente entre ambas estimaciones de ETo. Los resultados indican que el déficit hídrico promedio para el cultivo de trigo y sorgo fue de 88 mm y 10 mm, para el periodo mayo-septiembre y mayo-agosto, respectivamente. Además, el método del Tanque Evaporímetro recalibrado mediante su coeficiente KT, puede ser utilizado para estimar ETo y disminuir la sobreestimación o subestimación del método

Hot-wire chemical vapour deposition for silicon nitride waveguides

In this work, we demonstrate the use of HWCVD as an alternative technique to grow SiN layers for photonic waveguides at temperatures <400ºC. In particular, the effect of the ammonia flow and the filament temperature on the material structure, optical properties and propagation losses of the deposited films was investigated. SiN layers with good thickness uniformity, roughness as low as 0.61nm and H concentration as low as 10.4×1021 atoms/cm3 were obtained. Waveguides fabricated on the studied materials exhibited losses as low as 7.1 and 12.3 dB/cm at 1310 and 1550nm respectively