MOLEKULARNE FILOGENETSKE METODE U ENTOMOLOGIJI – NOVE SPOZNAJE U EVOLUCIJSKIM ODNOSIMA KUKACA I ČLANKONOŽACA

Traditional phylogenetic and taxonomic methods based on examining and comparing morphological characters have in the last few decades been supplemented or even replaced by molecular phylogenetic methods that utilize a great number of molecular markers - mitochondrial and nuclear genes and genomic regions. Molecular phylogeny has profoundly changed our perception of the taxonomic position of great number of hexapod taxa and posed some intriguing questions on the evolution of basal hexapod lineages, as well as hexapods in relation to other arthropod higher-level taxa (crustaceans, myriapods and chelicerates). Regarding the question of relationships between entognathous hexapod taxa, some of the analyses yielded monophyletic Ellipura, while the others suggest the non-monophyly of Entognatha. Recent investigations of both molecular and morphological data support a closer relationship between hexapods and crustaceans, a so called "Pancrustacea" clade, opposing the classical "Tracheata" (myriapods + hexapods) hypothesis. Some of the results even suggest the reciprocal paraphyly of Crustacea and Hexapoda. Regarding the other two major arthropod clades, myriapods and chelicerates, some investigations support the sister group of Pancrustacea + Myriapoda (so called "Mandibulata"), while in some analyses support was found for the pairing of myriapods with chelicerates (so called " Paradoxopoda" or "Myriochelata"). These hypotheses would imply that water-to-land transition occurred at least three times during the evolution of the Arthropoda. All these new phylogenetic topologies still need to be properly evaluated and compared with classical hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships of hexapods and arthropods.Tradicionalne filogenetske i taksonomske metode temeljene na istraživanju i usporedbi morfoloških obilježja u novije se vrijeme dopunjavaju ili čak i potpuno zamjenjuju molekularno-filogenetskim metodama koje upotrebljavaju veliki broj molekularnih markera - mitohondrijalnih i nuklearnih gena i genomskih regija. Molekularna filogenija znatno je promijenila znanja o taksonomskom položaju velikoga broja taksona kukaca (Hexapoda) te otvorila brojna pitanja o evoluciji bazalnih linija Hexapoda i o njihovu odnosu prema ostalim glavnim linijama člankonožaca (Arthropoda) - rakova (Crustacea), stonoga (Myriapoda) i klještara (Chelicerata). Neke od analiza podržavaju monofiliju Ellipura, a neke upućuju na polifiliju ili parafiliju Entognatha. Brojna novija istraživanja molekularnih i morfoloških podataka podržavaju blisku vezu između Hexapoda i Crustacea, tzv. "Pancrustacea", koja je u suprotnosti s tradicionalnom hipotezom o bliskoj vezi između Hexapoda i Myriapoda (tzv. "Tracheata"). Neki od rezultata čak upućuju na uzajamnu parafiliju Crustacea i Hexapoda. Neke analize podržavaju vezu između Pancrustacea i Myriapoda (tzv. "Mandibulata"), a ostale daju podršku bliskoj vezi između Myriapoda i Chelicerata (tzv. "Paradoxopoda" ili "Myriochelata"). Te hipoteze upućuju na to da su tijekom evolucije člankonožaca barem tri puta neovisno pojedine linije prelazile iz vode na kopno. Sve ove nove pretpostavke moraju biti provjerene i uspoređene s klasičnim hipotezama o evolucijskim odnosima kukaca i člankonožaca

MOLEKULARNE FILOGENETSKE METODE U ENTOMOLOGIJI – NOVE SPOZNAJE U EVOLUCIJSKIM ODNOSIMA KUKACA I ČLANKONOŽACA

Traditional phylogenetic and taxonomic methods based on examining and comparing morphological characters have in the last few decades been supplemented or even replaced by molecular phylogenetic methods that utilize a great number of molecular markers - mitochondrial and nuclear genes and genomic regions. Molecular phylogeny has profoundly changed our perception of the taxonomic position of great number of hexapod taxa and posed some intriguing questions on the evolution of basal hexapod lineages, as well as hexapods in relation to other arthropod higher-level taxa (crustaceans, myriapods and chelicerates). Regarding the question of relationships between entognathous hexapod taxa, some of the analyses yielded monophyletic Ellipura, while the others suggest the non-monophyly of Entognatha. Recent investigations of both molecular and morphological data support a closer relationship between hexapods and crustaceans, a so called "Pancrustacea" clade, opposing the classical "Tracheata" (myriapods + hexapods) hypothesis. Some of the results even suggest the reciprocal paraphyly of Crustacea and Hexapoda. Regarding the other two major arthropod clades, myriapods and chelicerates, some investigations support the sister group of Pancrustacea + Myriapoda (so called "Mandibulata"), while in some analyses support was found for the pairing of myriapods with chelicerates (so called " Paradoxopoda" or "Myriochelata"). These hypotheses would imply that water-to-land transition occurred at least three times during the evolution of the Arthropoda. All these new phylogenetic topologies still need to be properly evaluated and compared with classical hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships of hexapods and arthropods.Tradicionalne filogenetske i taksonomske metode temeljene na istraživanju i usporedbi morfoloških obilježja u novije se vrijeme dopunjavaju ili čak i potpuno zamjenjuju molekularno-filogenetskim metodama koje upotrebljavaju veliki broj molekularnih markera - mitohondrijalnih i nuklearnih gena i genomskih regija. Molekularna filogenija znatno je promijenila znanja o taksonomskom položaju velikoga broja taksona kukaca (Hexapoda) te otvorila brojna pitanja o evoluciji bazalnih linija Hexapoda i o njihovu odnosu prema ostalim glavnim linijama člankonožaca (Arthropoda) - rakova (Crustacea), stonoga (Myriapoda) i klještara (Chelicerata). Neke od analiza podržavaju monofiliju Ellipura, a neke upućuju na polifiliju ili parafiliju Entognatha. Brojna novija istraživanja molekularnih i morfoloških podataka podržavaju blisku vezu između Hexapoda i Crustacea, tzv. "Pancrustacea", koja je u suprotnosti s tradicionalnom hipotezom o bliskoj vezi između Hexapoda i Myriapoda (tzv. "Tracheata"). Neki od rezultata čak upućuju na uzajamnu parafiliju Crustacea i Hexapoda. Neke analize podržavaju vezu između Pancrustacea i Myriapoda (tzv. "Mandibulata"), a ostale daju podršku bliskoj vezi između Myriapoda i Chelicerata (tzv. "Paradoxopoda" ili "Myriochelata"). Te hipoteze upućuju na to da su tijekom evolucije člankonožaca barem tri puta neovisno pojedine linije prelazile iz vode na kopno. Sve ove nove pretpostavke moraju biti provjerene i uspoređene s klasičnim hipotezama o evolucijskim odnosima kukaca i člankonožaca

City of Zagreb Spatial Data Infrastructure

Osnivanjem Koordinacije za izradu Informacijskog sustava prostornog uređenja Grada Zagreba i Grad Zagreb se aktivno uključio u mnogobrojnu globalnu zajednicu u uspostavi svoje lokalne Zagrebačke infrastrukture prostornih podataka (ZIPP-a). U Gradu Zagrebu mnoga tijela gradske uprave svakodnevno u svom radu koriste i izrađuju različite skupove prostornih podataka i usluga. Svi su oni subjekti ZIPP-a i sigurno je kako međusobno te podatke moraju učiniti dostupnima i dijeliti ih. Bez prostornih podataka i usluga nemoguće je kvalitetno gospodariti prostorom, planirati razvoj Grada, pratiti stanje u prostoru i obavljati mnoge druge zadaće. U ovom radu je dan pregled dosadašnjih aktivnosti na uspostavi ZIPP-a kao i planovi budućih aktivnosti.Through the establishment of the Coordination Group for the City of Zagreb Spatial Management IT System, the City of Zagreb has become actively involved in the wider global community by setting up the Zagreb Spatial Data Infrastructure (ZSDI) service. In the City of Zagreb, many bodies of city administration use and create spatial data and services daily in their work. All are ZSDI users and obviously have to make data mutually available. Without spatial data and services, it would be impossible to manage space effectively, plan city development, monitor the situation on the ground, or carry out many other activities. This paper gives an overview of ZSDI set-up activities so far, as well as plans for the future

The Airports in Function of Sustainable Development of the Croatian Islands

Strategijom prostornog uređenja Republike Hrvatske planira se izgradnja većeg broja novih zračnih luka, osobito na otocima, kao jedan od poticaja njihovoj revitalizaciji i razvitku. Rad ukazuje na potrebu promišljenog planiranja izgradnje zračnih luka koje mora biti uravnoteženo između gospodarskih kriterija i koristi za korisnike i zajednicu s jedne strane, i gospodarenja prostorom na načelima održivog razvitka uključujući sve kategorije okolišnih aspekata s druge strane. Planiranje mora uvažavati postojeće i moguće nove prometne veze, potencijelne korisnike zračne luke – turizam, ribarstvo, industriju, poljoprivredu i centralno-servisne djelatnosti te procijeniti doprinos zračne luke ukupnom razvitku otoka i opstanku i demografskom razvitku lokalnog stanovništva.The Strategy of the Spatial Arrangenment of the Republic of Croatia plans construciton of a larger number of the newer airport, especially on the islands, as a stimulus for their revitalization and development. The paper points to the necessity of intentional planning of the airport construction which must be balanced between the economic criteria and benefit of the users and community on the hand, and space management on the principles of sustainable development including all categories of enviromental aspects on the other hand. Planning must respect the existing and possible new traffic connections, potential users of the airport – tourism, fishery, industry, agriculture and central services, and estimate contribution of the airport to the total development of the island, and also to existence and demografic development of the local population

Strategic city projects as a strategic planning tool: an overview of terms and models

Novi razvojni procesi u gradovima rezultiraju i potrebom za novim oblicima urbanog upravljanja. Tradicionalno (sektorsko) prostorno planiranje usmjereno na lokaciju, intenzitet, oblik i uravnoteženi razvoj, kojem nedostaje aspekt aktivnog poticanja i sinergije s drugim politikama, prepušta svoje mjesto strateškom prostornom planiranju. Strateško prostorno planiranje je proces velikog broja dionika koji kroz dugoročnu viziju, aktivnosti i sredstva za provedbu utemeljuju oblik i okvir transformacije strateški ključnih područja i usredotočuje se na odluke, aktivnosti, praćenje i vrednovanje rezultata. Strateški gradski projekti pri tome se nameću kao logičan alat koji nudi mogućnost integracije ekonomskih, društvenih i okolišnih dimenzija urbanističkog planiranja, programiranja i izgradnje te koji sveobuhvatnim usmjerenim aktivnostima obnove ili novom gradnjom nastoji utjecati na prostornu, funkcionalnu, socijalnu i morfološku strukturu grada. Cilj je ovog rada upozoriti na nepostojanje jedinstvene definicije pojma strateškoga gradskog projekta, uputiti na funkcionalne sličnosti i razlike u postojećim pojmovima: flagship projekt, megaprojekt, strateški projekt i strateški gradski (razvojni) projekt velikog mjerila kao najčešće korištene pojmove te prikazati njihove različite modele realizacije – modele urbane obnove/regeneracije i modela nove gradnje/regulacije.New urban development processes generate a need for new forms of urban management. Traditional (sectoral) spatial planning, oriented toward location, intensity, form, and balanced development and lacking an aspect of active encouragement and synergy with other policies, is losing ground to strategic spatial planning. Strategic spatial planning is a process involving a large number of stakeholders which establishes a format and framework for transformation of strategically key areas, based on a long-term vision, activities, and means for implementation; and focuses on decisions, activities, monitoring, and evaluation of results. Strategic city projects are a logical tool to enable integration of economic, social, and environmental aspects of urban planning, programming and construction, which strive to leave their mark on the spatial, functional, social, morphological, physical, and organisational structure of the city via comprehensive targeted activities of renewal or new construction. This paper aims to highlight the lack of a single definition of strategic city projects and to pinpoint functional similarities and differences among the existing terms, referring to them most frequently as flagship projects, megaprojects, strategic city projects, and large-scale strategic city (development) projects and to point to different models of their implementation—e.g. urban renewal/regeneration model and new construction/regulation model

Dispersion Profiles and Gene Associations of Repetitive DNAs in the Euchromatin of the Beetle Tribolium castaneum

ABSTRACT Satellite DNAs are tandemly repeated sequences clustered within heterochromatin. However, in some cases, such as the major TCAST1 satellite DNA from the beetle Tribolium castaneum, they are found partially dispersed within euchromatin. Such organization together with transcriptional activity enables TCAST1 to modulate the activity of neighboring genes. In order to explore if other T. castaneum repetitive families have features that could provide them with a possible gene-modulatory role, we compare here the structure, organization, dispersion profiles, and transcription activity of 10 distinct TCAST repetitive families including TCAST1. The genome organization of TCAST families exhibit either satellite-like or transposon-like characteristics. In addition to heterochromatin localization, bioinformatic searches of the assembled genome have revealed dispersion of all families within euchromatin, preferentially in the form of single repeats. Dispersed TCAST repeats are mutually correlated in distribution and are grouped in distinct regions of euchromatin. The repeats are associated with genes, are enriched in introns relative to intergenic regions, and very rarely overlap exons. In spite of the different mechanisms of repeat proliferation, such as transposition and homologous recombination, all TCAST families share a similar frequency of spreading as well as dispersion and gene association profiles. Additionally, TCAST families are transcribed and their transcription is significantly activated by heat stress. A possibility that such common features of TCAST families might be related to their potential gene-modulatory role is discussed