25,958 research outputs found
Deterrence and Morale in Taxation: An Empirical Analysis
The standard model of tax evasion based on the subjective expected utility maximization does not perform particularly well in econometric analyses: it predicts too little evasion and produces unsatisfactory econometric parameter estimates. The model is extended by looking at how the tax authority deals with the taxpayers. Based on econometric estimates, it is shown that taxpayers’ tax morale is raised when the tax officials treat them with respect. In contrast, when tax officials solely rely on deterrence taxpayers tend to respond by actively trying to avoid taxation.
Illegal, Immoral, Fattening or What?: How Deterrence and Responsive Regulation Shape Tax Morale
The traditional economic approach to tax evasion does not appear to be particularly successful in explaining the extent of tax compliance. It is often argued that reciprocity norms which establish a fiscal exchange between the state and the citizens shape tax morale to a large extent. In that respect, a case study of Switzerland may be useful because the small size of the cantons and their direct democratic political systems procedurally establish a close exchange relationship between taxpayers and tax authorities. In this paper, evidence is discussed on how tax morale in Switzerland evolved over time. In addition, the impact of economic, legal, socio- demographic, psychological and institutional factors on Swiss tax evasion is analyzed. It can be concluded that Switzerland’s system of responsive regulation increases tax morale.Tax Evasion, Tax Morale, Deterrence, Responsive Regulation.
Trust Breeds Trust: How Taxpayers are Treated
Tax compliance has been studied in economics by analysing the individual decision of a representative person between paying and evading taxes. A neglected aspect of tax compliance is the interaction of taxpayers and tax authorities. The relationship between the two actors can be understood as an implicit or "psychological" contract. The more strongly the political participation rights are developed, the more important this contract is, and the higher tax morale is. In this paper, empirical evidence based on a survey of tax authorities of the 26 Swiss states (cantons) is presented, indicating that the differences in the treatment of taxpayers by tax authorities can be explained by differences in political participation rights.Tax evasion, tax authority, tax compliance, direct democracy
Theory of interlayer exchange interactions in magnetic multilayers
This paper presents a review of the phenomenon of interlayer exchange
coupling in magnetic multilayers. The emphasis is put on a pedagogical
presentation of the mechanism of the phenomenon, which has been successfully
explained in terms of a spin-dependent quantum confinement effect. The
theoretical predictions are discussed in connection with corresponding
experimental investigations.Comment: 18 pages, 4 PS figures, LaTeX with IOP package; v2: ref. added.
Further (p)reprints available from http://www.mpi-halle.de/~theory
Tailoring exchange interactions in engineered nanostructures: Ab initio study
We present a novel approach to spin manipulation in atomic-scale
nanostructures. Our ab initio calculations clearly demonstrate that it is
possible to tune magnetic properties of sub-nanometer structures by adjusting
the geometry of the system. By the example of two surface-based systems we
demonstrate that (i) the magnetic moment of a single adatom coupled to a buried
magnetic Co layer can be stabilized in either a ferromagnetic or an
antiferromagnetic configuration depending on the spacer thickness. It is found
that a buried Co layer has a profound effect on the exchange interaction
between two magnetic impurities on the surface. (ii) The exchange interaction
between magnetic adatoms can be manipulated by introducing artificial
nonmagnetic Cu chains to link them.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to PR
Estimations of the Distances of Stellar Collapses in the Galaxy by Analyzing the Energy Spectrum of Neutrino Bursts
The neutrino telescopes of the present generation, depending on their
specific features, can reconstruct the neutrino spectra from a galactic burst.
Since the optical counterpart could be not available, it is desirable to have
at hand alternative methods to estimate the distance of the supernova explosion
using only the neutrino data. In this work we present preliminary results on
the method we are proposing to estimate the distance from a galactic supernova
based only on the spectral shape of the neutrino burst and assumptions on the
gravitational binding energy released an a typical supernova explosion due to
stellar collapses.Comment: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Strong
Electromagnetic Fields and Neutron Stars (SMFNS 2011) Instituto de
Cibern\'etica, Matem\'atica y F\'isica (ICIMAF) Sociedad Cubana de F\'isica
(SCF) Varadero, Cuba, 5-7 May 201
Ab initio study of mirages and magnetic interactions in quantum corrals
The state of the art ab initio calculations of quantum mirages,the
spin-polarization of surface-state electrons and the exchange interaction
between magnetic adatoms in Cu and Co corrals on Cu(111) are presented. We find
that the spin-polarization of the surface-state electrons caused by magnetic
adatoms can be projected to a remote location and can be strongly enhanced in
corrals compared to an open surface.Our studies give a clear evidence that
quantum corrals could permit to tailor the exchange interaction between
magnetic adatoms at large separations. The spin-polarization of surface-state
electrons at the empty focus in the Co corral used in the experimental setup of
Manoharan et al., (Nature 403, 512 (2000)) is revealed.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letter
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