Supplementary Material Text, Figures and Tables from From number sense to number symbols: an archaeological perspective

Supplementary Materia

Average Raman spectra of three teeth from the NFPr layer, and of #Ish25.

<p>Average Raman spectra of three teeth from the NFPr layer, and of #Ish25.</p

Stratigraphic section of Ishango 11 at the junction of de Heinzelin’s trenches (modified from [31]). See Text S1.2 and Figure S2 (in File S1) for the detailed description of the lithology.

<p>ZPEm = Post-Emersion Zone; N.TUF = Tuffaceous Levels; SD-SFM = Hardened Sand - Fine Micaceous Sand, NFPr = Principal Fossiliferous Level, G.INF = Inferior Gravels, Lusso = Lusso Beds, R = Recent, TP = Museya Gravels Formations, TT = Ishango Gravels Formation, L = Lusso Formation.</p

Photograph and three-dimensional reconstruction of Ishango left upper first molar (#Ish25).

<p>Upper part, from top to bottom: buccal, mesial, occlusal, lateral and lingual views. Scale bar = 1 cm. Lower part, three-dimensional model of the outer enamel surface (left) and the enamel-dentine junction (right).</p

Geographic locations of Ishango and other African localities of early hominins fossils from the Plio-Pleistocene transition period, ca. 2.6–1.8 Ma (<i>i.e. Au. africanus, Au. garhi, Au. sediba, H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, P. aethiopicus, P. boisei, P. robustus</i>).

<p>Outlined in bold are the western and eastern branches of the African Rift. 1: Taung (South Africa); 2: Drimolen, Gladysvale, Gondolin, Kromdraai, Sterkfontein & Swartkrans (South Africa); 3: Malapa (South Africa); 4: Malema, Uraha (Malawi); 5: Olduvai (Tanzania); 6: Chemeron (Kenya); 7: West and East Turkana, Koobi Fora (Kenya); 8: Omo (Ethiopia); 9: Bouri, Hadar (Ethiopia).</p

ESR dating results calculated using the standard US [60] and the closed system (CS)-US [61] models.

<p>(*) For this sample, age calculation was performed using the dentine U-series data for the enamel as well. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a> for further details.</p><p>ESR dating results calculated using the standard US <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111-Grn1" target="_blank">[60]</a> and the closed system (CS)-US <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104111#pone.0104111-Grn2" target="_blank">[61]</a> models.</p

The Tourville left upper limb remains.

<p>Top: humerus; bottom left: ulna; bottom right: radius. For all the bones: A: anterior view; M: medial view; P: posterior view; L: lateral view.</p

CT-based 3D mapping of the topographic distribution of the cortical bone at the proximal part of the humeral diaphysis (A) compared to the equivalent area (B, 6 cm below the deltoid tuberosity) on the humerus of the Krapina # 165 Pre-Neandertal (NESPOS data base, [<b>40</b>]) (B).

<p>Cortical thickness topographic variation was rendered using a chromatic scale increasing from dark blue (thin) to red (thick). The arrows indicate the position of the deltoid tuberosity in both shafts. a: anterior view, b: posterior view, c: medial view, d: lateral view.</p

The Tourville 1 human remains in anterior view placed adjacent to the left arm bones of the Tabun 1 female Neandertal.

<p>The humeri are aligned according to the medial supracondylar crest, the ulnae using the brachialis tuberosity, and the radii using the radial tuberosity. Scale 5 cm.</p

Location of the open-area site of Tourville-la-Rivière and other Northwest European (north to 45°N and west to 16°E) contexts, contemporaries of lower and middle Pleistocene (MIS-10-6), that have yielded human remains.

<p>Location of the open-area site of Tourville-la-Rivière and other Northwest European (north to 45°N and west to 16°E) contexts, contemporaries of lower and middle Pleistocene (MIS-10-6), that have yielded human remains.</p