Age-dependent variation of CFR (%) for COVID-19 in women (red dots and line) and men (blue dots and line).

Each dot represents the percent of infected people dying (number of deaths/number of cases) in each age class. Bars represent the binomial 95% confidence intervals. The dotted lines represent the fit of the GAM. Multiple CFR values for a given age class refer to independent datasets. (DOCX)</p

Finite mixture model with a beta-binomial distribution of errors exploring the effect of duration of symptoms, incubation period and whether pathogens induce a local or a systemic infection on age-specific CFR (number of deaths/number of cases).

The table reports the estimates (with SE and 95% CI), z and P values for the parameters retained in the model with the smallest BIC value. Number of observations = 873; number of deaths/number of cases = 143,877/5,624,790.</p

Heatmap of the association (contingency coefficients) between explanatory variables considered here.

The redder the color the stronger the association. A Fisher’s exact test with a sequential Bonferroni correction showed that only the associations between pathogen type and length of human-pathogen association (p = 0.0084) and between animal reservoir and vector (p = 0.0058) were statistically significant. (DOCX)</p

Age-dependent variation in CFR (%) according to the duration of symptoms/illness.

Each dot represents the mean CFR for each age class and bars the standard errors. The dotted lines represent the fit of the finite mixture model with a beta-binomial distribution of errors (number of deaths/number of cases).</p

Generalized additive models (GAMs) investigating the shape of the relationship between CFR of 28 human infectious diseases and age.

For each model, we report the results for the linear (regression model analysis) and the non-linear (smoothing model analysis) components. The sign of the estimate indicates whether the linear trend was positive or negative. The models were run using a binomial distribution of errors (number of deaths/number of cases). Diseases are ordered by increasing values of CFR (deaths/cases). The column Replicates indicates the number of replicated datasets per disease. After a sequential Bonferroni correction, the non-linear trend for Western equine encephalitis was not statistically significant.</p

S4 Fig -

CFR (%) for diseases transmitted through contact with body fluids (A), and diseases transmitted through vector bites (B). We report the mean ± SE. (DOCX)</p

Age-dependent variation in CFR (%) for bacterial and viral diseases (above) and emerging and ancient viral diseases (below).

Each dot represents the mean CFR for each age class and the bars the standard errors. The dotted lines represent the fit of the finite mixture model with a beta-binomial distribution of errors (number of deaths/number of cases).</p

Generalized additive model (GAM) investigating the shape of the relationship between COVID-19 CFR and age in women and men.

We report the results for the linear (regression model analysis) and the non-linear (smoothing model analysis) components. The model was run using a binomial distribution of errors (number of deaths/number of cases). (DOCX)</p

Smoothing component analysis of the effect of age on CFR (number of deaths / number of cases) for the 28 human infectious diseases considered here.

Each panel shows the spline fit (with the 95% CI) of generalized additive models run for each disease, after the linear trend has been removed. For instance, the fact that the spline fit for the relationship between CFR and age for AIDS is a flat line with 95% CI overlapping zero over the whole range of ages indicates that CFR only varies linearly with age. On the contrary, the spline fit for cholera shows a strong non-linear pattern. (DOCX)</p

Model comparison on the effect of transmission by body fluids, ingestion, inhalation, vectors on age specific CFR for 28 human infectious diseases.

We report the -2 Log Likelihood, AIC, BIC, Pearson Statistics, number of parameters (k), the overdispersion parameter (Pearson Statistic/(N-k), and the ΔBIC. N = 873 observations. We ran 19 competitive finite mixture models to identify the model with the lowest BIC. Only models with the main effects (no interaction) were compared here. The model with the lowest BIC value is highlighted in green. (DOCX)</p