Epidemiological Analysis of Penile Neoplasms in Brazil and Its Social Determinants

Introduction: Penile neoplasms, although preventable, are frequent even among young persons. Penile neoplasms have a high risk of not only morbidity and mortality but also important psychosocial repercussions.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of penile neoplasms in Brazil. Method: This was an epidemiological, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data on all the notified cases of penile neoplasms in Brazil between 1985 and 2015 were obtained from RCPBP/INCA and DATASUS databases.Results: Of 9 625 notified cases of penile neoplasms, a higher proportion of cancer patients was observed among patients aged between 40 and 70 years (63.5%) and among smokers (21%), in Brown and Caucasian patients (80%), those who were married (54.2%), had high alcohol intake levels (16%) and with lower levels of education: illiterate people (21.5%), those with incomplete elementary school education (36.6%) and those with complete elementary school education (10.3%). The lesions were located in the glans (22.6%), prepuce (7.5%) and the penile body (7.5%). Higher mortality rates were observed in the age-group 50 to 80 years and in among patients from the Northeast (31.4%) and Southeast (39.2%) regions of the country.Conclusion: Penile neoplasms, which mainly affect young people that are economically active, are prevalent in Brazil and the majority of patients present with an advanced stage of the disease. They are Brown and Caucasian, married, with poor education and live in the Northeast and Southeast regions of the country

Percepção materna do estado nutricional do filho sob a óptica da análise dos resíduos ajustados

Backgroung: The maternal perception of the nutritional status of their children has several important social factors in its composition and it can be important in determine quality of children’s food. Objective: To assess social factors influencing maternal perception of her children´s nutritional status. Methods: Cross sectional study with school children from 6 to 10 years from a public school in São Paulo, Brazil. The data was obtained through a structured questionnaire applied to mothers and through children’s body mass index. Associations between variables were analyzed by the Qui-square test andby the adjusted residues analysis, with 5% of significance. The agreement between maternal perception and nutritional status was assessed through the Kappa test.   Results: We found incorrect perception in 45.8% of cases, from which 98.2% were underestimation, with 80% of underestimation for overweight children. We found poor and slight agreement for all cases. Adjusted residuals pointed eutrophic underestimation; better maternal perception forthe obese; better perception for mothers that attained middle and high school levels; underestimation for eutrophic boys and correct perception for eutrophic girls. Single mothers andthose who do not work outside tended to underestimate their eutrophic children. Conclusion: We found poor agreement for almost all cases, with exception to mothers of girls and those that do not work outside. A correct perception was related positively with lower education levels, being worse for mothers without a partner and for those who do not work outside. Mothers of girls, compared to mothers of boys, had a more accurate perception.Introdução: A percepção materna do estado nutricional de seus filhos apresenta diversos fatores sociais importantes em sua composição e ela pode ser um importante na determinação da qualidade de alimentação das crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores sociais que influenciam a percepção materna sobre o estado nutricional de seus filhos. Método: Estudo transversal com escolares de 6 a 10 anos de uma escola pública de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário estruturado aplicado às mães e a partir de antropometria das crianças. As associações entre as variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste do Quiquadrado e pela análise dos resíduos ajustados, com 5% de significância. A concordância entre a percepção materna e o estado nutricional foi avaliada por meio do teste Kappa.   Resultados: Encontramos percepção incorreta em 45,8% dos casos, dos quais 98,2% foram de subestimação, com 80% de subestimação para crianças com sobrepeso. Encontramos concordância pobre e leve para todos os casos. Os resíduos ajustados apontaram para subestimação eutrófica; melhorpercepção materna para o obeso; melhor percepção para mães que atingiram o ensino fundamental e médio; subestimação para meninos eutróficos e percepção correta para meninas eutróficas. As mães solteiras e as que não trabalham fora tendem a subestimar seus filhos eutróficos. Conclusão: Encontramos baixa concordância para quase todos os casos, com exceção das mães de meninas e das que não trabalham fora. A percepção correta relacionou-se positivamente com a menor escolaridade, sendo pior para as mães sem companheiro e que não trabalham fora. As mães demeninas, em comparação com as mães de meninos, tiveram uma percepção mais precisa. &nbsp