Senate Bill (SB) 172: Governance of Nutrition in Kentucky Public Schools: Implementation Analysis Final Report

This report is intended to evaluate the implementation of Senate Bill (SB) 172 in Kentucky\u27s public schools. This law requires that all schools in Kentucky implement strict nutrition standards that apply to all foods sold during the school day. This report highlights the different methods used by selected schools in implementing the requirements in SB 172. In performing my analysis, I traveled to different schools in central and southeastern Kentucky to assess how these select schools were meeting the requirements of the law. Site visits allowed me to discuss implementation strategies with school administrators and aided in my understanding of how the regulations were implemented at the street level. I also interviewed district food service directors to discover how they feel the requirements of the law should be implemented in the schools. I then went to the very top level in the state of Kentucky, and asked state administrators in the Obesity Prevention Department and the State Board of Education select questions about this policy. This was all part of an analysis of communications that demonstrates how information provided by state officials has traveled down to the schools. The analysis identified communication errors between the state and the schools. These communication errors would most likely manifest in some deviation from SB 172ís requirements or a school failing to meet compliance with said regulations. I initially selected 24 schools to contact from these two areas of Kentucky. Twelve agreed to participate. I selected these schools for contact for the following reasons: these schools were in a geographic location that made them easily accessible to me, I had time available to gather data from schools and administrators, and I examined a heterogeneous mixture of multiple school districts, rather than a single school system. These criteria were intended to increase the different methods of implementation studied for the purposes of this report. I intended to maximize the schools and school districts in my study given the short time frame allowed to create this analysis. Certain factors kept me from obtaining all 24 schools for my report: administrator refusal, scheduling conflicts, state academic testing conflicting with the allotted window of time for data collection, and the short time available to collect data. These factors all influenced the number of schools I was able to visit for my report. The state testing period (called the CATS test) is held in Kentucky public schools every spring of the year, the exact time that I was performing my data collection in the schools. This was one of the most used excuses for administrators being unable to meet with me. The school administrators that refused for this reason told me they had many district meetings and meetings with other school administrators to organize for these tests. Although this may not be true of all administrators\u27 refusal to participate or not respond to my numerous attempts to contact them, I do believe that it may explain a majority of the non-participation. However, I feel that this has had no affect on the results of my study. Through my study, I found that, for the most part, every school is using a different method to comply with the regulations in SB 172. There are also no accountability measures in place to ensure that the schools are complying with the requirements of the law. The requirements in SB 172 have not been clearly communicated to school administrators and food service directors. There is a level of ambiguity in their understanding of what regulations apply to certain schools. This problem stems from the process of the bill\u27s creation, where draft versions were made available to school administrators, but the final requirements were not clearly articulated from state personnel to the schools. The financial burden of this law falls squarely on the shoulders of the schools; most schools studied lost significant discretionary funds from the changes required to their vending sales and contracts. This loss of funding affected operations in some schools. The state however, provides ideas for alternative fund raising so that schools can potentially offset any losses suffered in the schools. Lastly, SB 172 contains an exemption for foods that meet the requirements of the National School Lunch/Breakfast Program to be sold in school meals and a la carte sales. Comparatively speaking, the requirements of the National School Lunch/Breakfast Program are less stringent than those of SB 172. This exemption potentially allows foods that would be banned from sale in schools under SB 172 to be offered via the a la carte offerings, defeating the purpose of the law. This report makes recommendations to further improve the implementation of SB 172. The state should make an implementation model available to the school food service directors and school administrators that demonstrates an easy way to meet the law\u27s requirements. Successful schools and their methods of implementation should be benchmarked by the state and information about them made available to all schools in Kentucky. The state should create a governing board to assess schools\u27 compliance with the regulations in the law. It should also communicate or create financial penalties and/or incentives to entice schools to comply with these regulations. The state also needs to clearly communicate the requirements of this law with schools through this governing board. This will remove any implementation inconsistencies that still exist in Kentucky\u27s schools. Lastly, the requirements established in SB 172 should be reworked so that a la carte items are no longer exempt from the regulations of the law provided they meet the requirements in the National School Lunch/Breakfast Program; the nutrition environment should be consistently enforced in all Kentucky public schools

Denial of Speedy Trial - Mandamus for Dismissal: Smith v. Hooey

The Court reasoned that the timely assertion by defendant-petitioner of his constitutional right to a speedy trial gave rise to a corresponding duty on the part of the state to bring him to trial without undue delay.The Court rejected the state\u27s argument that Texas was, in this instance, free from Sixth Amendment constraints, observing that this argument was based on an erroneous conception of the nature of comity. Given the recognized right to a speedy trial, and given the corresponding duty on the part of the state to affirmatively secure that constitutional right, the breach of such a duty will result in the inability of the state to show cause why it should not grant a dismissal. This view of the case is reinforced by the concurring opinions of Justices White and Harlan

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationGene therapy offers an alternative therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases and genetic disorders that conventional therapies currently manage. In order to clinically advance this therapeutic alternative, more safe and efficient gene delivery vehicles must be continuously developed. To date, the development of safe and efficient gene delivery reagents for clinical application is hampered by undefined design and formulation requirements. In an attempt to further elucidate these requirements for improved gene delivery reagents, research labs often engineer and study many putative products that possess subtle physiochemical differences that may influence carrier function and biological activity. The synthesis of many putative gene delivery reagents, however, requires multiple optimization cycles for each product, is time-intensive, laborious and costly. As such, the intent of this dissertation is to implement a method that facilitates evaluation ease of novel, modified gene delivery reagents by avoiding the synthesis of many putative products for the identification of optimal candidates and reagent properties. This method uses mixtures of a promising nonviral gene delivery reagent and its modified counterpart, whereby the relative amount of each species in the formulation mixture is easily controlled, and thus, physiochemical differences and their influence on biological activity can be studied to identify optimal reagent candidates. The initial part of this dissertation focuses on the chemical modification of a previously published and flourishing non-viral, polycationic gene delivery vehicle, poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide) (p(TETA/CBA)) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to derive poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide)-gpoly( ethylene glycol) (p(TETA/CBA)-g-PEG) with physiochemical properties different form p(TETA/CBA) alone. Subsequent studies focused on improving the synthetic ease of p(TETA/CBA)-g-PEG as well as improving its tissue specificity for oncogenic cells and their associated vasculature via modification using a tumor specific peptide. As a result, design and formulation requirements for safe and efficient gene delivery carriers is further clarified and several new and promising gene delivery reagents are born

Privilege Against Self-Incrimination - Right to Compel a Suspect to Perform Physical Acts; City of Piqua v. Hinger

The writer respectfully disagrees with the Ohio Supreme Court\u27s interpretation of Schmerber as standing for the proposition that such compelled evidence is admissible under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In Schmerber the court merely recognized the evidential distinction between real and testimonial or communicative evidence and ruled that the distinction was determinative in that case. The court acknowledged that there are many possible situations in which the distinction could not so readily be applied. It is submitted that the facts of the instant case present one of those situations

An Activities-Based Home Program Manual for Student Occupational Therapists in a Campus-Based Teaching Clinic

Home programs are one component of occupational therapy service delivery that improves outcomes for clients and furthers the gains made in therapy. Home programs are individually designed activities and exercises that are intended to be incorporated into the client’s daily routine. Adherence to home programs, however, can be challenging and adherence rates range from 40-70%. Occupational therapy focuses on the use of meaningful, functional activities that have inherent therapeutic power. Home programs utilizing functional activity have been shown to increase effectiveness and follow-through for clients. Despite this evidence, very few activitybased home program resources exist for occupational therapists. Thus, a manual containing 37 ideas for activity-based home programs was created for use at the University of Puget Sound Onsite Occupational Therapy Clinic. A pilot study was completed to determine the effectiveness and organization of the manual. The final, completed manual is available in the resource room and online on the student Moodle course website for OT661

Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives on an Athapaskan Moose Kill

A recent development in anthropology involves examination of living human populations in an attempt to better understand the "formation processes" that create archaeological remains. An ethnologist and an archaeologist collaborated in the observation and analysis of procurement, butchering and distribution of moose among a group of contemporary Athapaskan (Chipewyan) Indians in northwestern Saskatchewan in 1977. Subtleties in the behavior of one particular hunting party illustrate the complexity and variability of skeletal and anatomical spatial distributions accompanying various stages in processing, distributing and consuming a moose (Alces alces andersoni). Variables such as seasonality, proximity to a major settlement, transportation technology, sexual division of labor and ideational factors heavily influence the formation of archaeo-faunal remains within several components of a regional settlement system.Key words: ethnoarchaeology, Chipewyan Indians, moose hunting, decision making, site formationUne recherche anthropologique récente comporte l'étude de populations vivantes en visant une meilleure compréhension des processus qui forment les restes archéologiques. Une ethnologue et un archéologue ont collaboré dans l'observation et l'analyse des méthodes d'obtention, de boucherie et de distribution d'orignal au sein du'une groupe contemporain d'indiens athapascans (Chipewyans) dans le nord-ouest de la Saskatchewan. Les subtilités dans le comportement d'un groupe particulier de chasseurs démontrent la complexité et la variabilité des distributions spatiales anatomiques et squelettiques suivant les diverses étapes du dépeçage, de la distribution et de la consommation d'un orignal (Alces alces andersoni). Des variables telles que le caractère saisonnier, la proximité à un site majeur d'habitation, la technologie du transport et I'ingéniosité influencent de façon importante la formation de restes archéologiques animaux dans de nombreuses composantes d'une habitation régionale.Mots clés: ethnoarchéologie, indiens Chipewyans, chasse à l'orignal, processus de décision, formation de site

JUPITER-II Program: ANL analysis of ZPPR-13A and ZPPR-13B

The ZPPR-13 experiments provide basic physics data for radial heterogeneous LMFBR cores of approximately 700MWe size. Assemblies ZPPR-13A, ZPPR-13B and ZPPR-13A comprised the JUPITER-II cooperative program between the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) and PNC of Japan. The measurements were made between August 1982 and April 1984. The core designs and the measurements were planned jointly by the two parties with substantial input from U.S. industrial interests to ensure coverage of the design requirements. This report describes in detail the results of the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) analyses of phases 13A and 13B/1 and includes preliminary results for the later assemblies of phase 13B.