Desenvolvimento de nanocápsulas mucoadesivas contendo sinvastatina para o tratamento do glioblastoma pela via nasal

A entrega de fármacos ao cérebro representa um desafio, especialmente na terapia de malignidades do sistema nervoso central (SNC). O glioblastoma é o mais comum e mais letal tumor cerebral. Recentemente, a sinvastatina (SVT) tem demonstrado propriedades antitumorais promissoras. No entanto, a SVT apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade sistêmica devido ao seu extenso metabolismo de primeira passagem hepático. A via nasal e a utilização da nanotecnologia são estratégias que podem promover o aumento da distribuição cerebral de fármacos. Neste contexto, o objetivo foi desenvolver nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico revestidas por quitosana contendo SVT (LNCSVT-chit) para administração intranasal visando o tratamento do glioblastoma. As formulações foram revestidas com quitosana utilizando a técnica inovadora de revestimento one pot. Os resultados mostram que as formulações apresentaram tamanhos de partícula adequados (<220 nm), distribuição de tamanho estreita, carga de superfície positiva e alta eficiência de encapsulação. As nanocápsulas apresentaram liberação controlada da SVT e propriedades mucoadesivas devido a presença da quitosana no seu revestimento. Os resultados da permeação pelo sistema Transwell® utilizando a linhagem celular nasal RPMI 2650 como monocamada evidenciaram que o nanoformulação aumentou a permeação da SVT. Estes resultados foram confirmados pelo estudo de permeação ex vivo em mucosa nasal de coelho. A citotoxicidade in vitro da LNCSVT-chit foi comparável à SVT livre na linhagem de glioma de rato C6, já na linhagem de glioma humano U-138 MG o tratamento com LNCSVT-chit foi mais citotóxico após 72 h de tratamento. Em estudos realizados em ratos, a administração intranasal da LNCSVT-chit aumentou significativamente (2,4 vezes) a quantidade de SVT no tecido cerebral de ratos em comparação com a SVT livre. O tratamento com LNCSVT-chit promoveu uma diminuição significativa no crescimento e malignidade do tumor em ratos portadores de glioma em comparação com os grupos controles e SVT livre. Além disso, o tratamento com LNCSVT-chit não causou nenhuma característica evidente de toxicidade. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que a administração intranasal de LNCSVT-chit representa uma nova estratégia promissora para o tratamento do glioblastoma.Drug delivery to the brain represents a challenge, especially in the treatment of malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS). Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal brain tumor. Recently, simvastatin (SVT) has shown promising antitumor properties. However, SVT has low systemic bioavailability due to an extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The nasal route and the use of nanotechnology are strategies that can promote increased cerebral distribution of drugs. In this context, the objective of this work was to develop simvastatin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan (LNCSVT-chit) for intranasal administration in the treatment of glioblastoma. The formulations were coated with chitosan using the innovative one-pot technique. Results show that the formulations presented adequate particle sizes (<220 nm), narrow size distribution, positive surface charge and high encapsulation efficiency. The nanocapsules presented controlled release drug and mucoadhesive properties due to the presence of chitosan in its coating. The results of the permeation by the Transwell® system using the nasal cell line RPMI 2650 as monolayer showed that the nanoformulation increased the permeation of SVT. These results were confirmed by the ex vivo permeation study across rabbit nasal mucosa. In vitro cytotoxicity of LNCSVT-chit was comparable to non-encapsulated SVT in C6 rat glioma cells, whereas LNCSVT-chit were more cytotoxic than non-encapsulated SVT after 72 h of incubation against U-138 MG human glioblastoma cell line. In studies carried out in rats, LNCSVT-chit enhanced significantly the amount of drug in rat brain tissue after intranasal administration (2.4-fold) compared with free SVT. In addition, LNCSVT-chit did not cause any characteristics of toxicity in treated rats. Considered overall, the results suggest that the nose-to-brain administration of LNCSVT-chit represents a novel potential strategy for glioblastoma treatment

Chitosan-Coated Nanoparticles: Effect of Chitosan Molecular Weight on Nasal Transmucosal Delivery

Drug delivery to the brain represents a challenge, especially in the therapy of central nervous system malignancies. Simvastatin (SVT), as with other statins, has shown potential anticancer properties that are difficult to exploit in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present work the physico⁻chemical, mucoadhesive, and permeability-enhancing properties of simvastatin-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules coated with chitosan for nose-to-brain administration were investigated. Lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan (LNCchit) of different molecular weight (MW) were prepared by a novel one-pot technique, and characterized for particle size, surface charge, particle number density, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, interaction between surface nanocapsules with mucin, drug release, and permeability across two nasal mucosa models. Results show that all formulations presented adequate particle sizes (below 220 nm), positive surface charge, narrow droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.2), and high encapsulation efficiency. Nanocapsules presented controlled drug release and mucoadhesive properties that are dependent on the MW of the coating chitosan. The results of permeation across the RPMI 2650 human nasal cell line evidenced that LNCchit increased the permeation of SVT. In particular, the amount of SVT that permeated after 4 hr for nanocapsules coated with low-MW chitosan, high-MW chitosan, and control SVT was 13.9 ± 0.8 μg, 9.2 ± 1.2 µg, and 1.4 ± 0.2 µg, respectively. These results were confirmed by SVT ex vivo permeation across rabbit nasal mucosa. This study highlighted the suitability of LNCchit as a promising strategy for the administration of simvastatin for a nose-to-brain approach for the therapy of brain tumors

Lapatinib-Loaded Nanocapsules Enhances Antitumoral Effect in Human Bladder Cancer Cell

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) represents the most frequent type of bladder cancer. Recently, studies have focused on molecular tumor classifications in order to diagnose tumor subtypes and predict future clinical behavior. Increased expression of HER1 and HER2 receptors in TTC is related to advanced stage tumors. Lapatinib is an important alternative to treat tumors that presents this phenotype due to its ability to inhibit tyrosine kinase residues associated with HER1 and HER2 receptors. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity induced by LAP-loaded nanocapsules (NC-LAP) compared to LAP in HER-positive bladder cancer cell. The cytotoxicity induced by NC-LAP was evaluated through flow cytometry, clonogenic assay and RT-PCR. NC-LAP at 5 μM reduced the cell viability and was able to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest with up-regulation of p21. Moreover, NC-LAP treatment presented significantly higher apoptotic rates than untreated cells and cells incubated with drug-unloaded nanocapsules (NC) and an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was observed in T24 cell line. Furthermore, clonogenic assay demonstrated that NC-LAP treatment eliminated almost all cells with clonogenic capacity. In conclusion, NC-LAP demonstrate antitumoral effect in HER-positive bladder cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis exhibiting better effects compared to the non-encapsulated lapatinib. Our work suggests that the LAP loaded in nanoformulations could be a promising approach to treat tumors that presents EGFR overexpression phenotype

Development of erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules and evaluation of the in vitro antitumor effect in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Objetivos: Desenvolver e caracterizar nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo erlotinib, bem como avaliar sua atividade antitumoral in vitro em células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano. Metodologia: As nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib (0,5 mg.mL-1) foram obtidas pelo método de nanoprecipitação utilizando poli(ε-caprolactona) e óleo de copaíba como parede polimérica e núcleo oleoso, respectivamente. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: diâmetro médio e distribuição de tamanho, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta, concentração de partículas e pH. Para determinação do teor e eficiência de encapsulação do erlotinib, utilizou-se metodologia validada por CLAE-UV. O estudo de liberação in vitro, utilizando sacos de diálise, foi realizado para obter o perfil de liberação do fármaco a partir das nanocápsulas. As nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de inibir o crescimento, induzir a apoptose, interferir com o ciclo celular e sobrevivência clonogênica de células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão, linhagem A549. Resultados: As nanocápsulas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 171 ± 2 (PDI < 0, 10), potencial zeta de −8,17 ± 2.26 mV, número de partículas por mL de 6,97 ± 0,22 × 1013 e pH de 6,24 ± 0,02. O teor e a eficiência de encapsulação foram próximos de 100%. Com exceção do pH, todos parâmetros mantiveram-se iguais após 30 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Observou-se uma liberação controlada do fármaco devido à nanoencapsulação. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade demonstraram que as nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib apresentaram maior atividade antitumoral quando comparado com o fármaco livre. Também foi demonstrado indução de apoptose, pela análise de ciclo celular e marcação por Anexina-V conjugada ao 7-AAD. No ensaio clonogênico, as nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib reduziram 100% o número de colônias formadas. Conclusões: Foram obtidas nanocápsulas com propriedades nanotécnologicas adequadas e capazes de controlar a liberação do erlotinib. Os estudos in vitro na linhagem celular A549 demonstraram aumento no efeito antitumoral e foi demonstrado que o encapsulamento do fármaco é imprescindível para essa melhor atividade.Purpose: To develop and characterise erlotinib-loaded polymeric nanocapsules and to evaluate its in vitro antitumor activity in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methodology: The erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules (0.5 mg.mL-1) were obtained by nanoprecipitation method using poly (ε-caprolactone) and copaiba oil as the polymeric wall and oily core, respectively. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were: mean diameter and size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential, particle concentration and pH. An HPLC-UV validated method was used to determine the drug content and encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro release study using dialysis bags was performed to obtain the drug release profile from nanocapsules. The erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules were evaluated regarding their potential to inhibit the growth, induce apoptosis, interfere with the cell cycle and clonogenic survival of lung adenocarcinoma cell (A549). Results: The nanocapsule formulation presented z-average diameter of 171 ± 2 (PDI <0.10), zeta potential value of -8.17 ± 2.26 mV, number of particles per mL of 6.97 ± 0.22 × 1013, and pH value of 6.24 ± 0.02. The drug content and the encapsulation efficiency were nearly 100%. Except for the pH value, all these parameters remained the same after 30 days of storage. A controlled release of the drug was observed due to nanoencapsulation. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules showed higher antitumor activity compared to free drug. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by cell cycle analysis and Annexin-V/7AAD staining. In the clonogenic assay, erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules reduced 100% the number of colonies formed. Conclusions: Nanocapsules with appropriate nanotechnological properties and capable of controlling the erlotinib release were obtained. The in vitro studies in the A549 cell line showed an increase in antitumor effect and was demonstrated that the drug encapsulation is essential for this better activity

Development of erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules and evaluation of the in vitro antitumor effect in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Objetivos: Desenvolver e caracterizar nanocápsulas poliméricas contendo erlotinib, bem como avaliar sua atividade antitumoral in vitro em células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano. Metodologia: As nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib (0,5 mg.mL-1) foram obtidas pelo método de nanoprecipitação utilizando poli(ε-caprolactona) e óleo de copaíba como parede polimérica e núcleo oleoso, respectivamente. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: diâmetro médio e distribuição de tamanho, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta, concentração de partículas e pH. Para determinação do teor e eficiência de encapsulação do erlotinib, utilizou-se metodologia validada por CLAE-UV. O estudo de liberação in vitro, utilizando sacos de diálise, foi realizado para obter o perfil de liberação do fármaco a partir das nanocápsulas. As nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib foram avaliadas quanto ao seu potencial de inibir o crescimento, induzir a apoptose, interferir com o ciclo celular e sobrevivência clonogênica de células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão, linhagem A549. Resultados: As nanocápsulas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 171 ± 2 (PDI < 0, 10), potencial zeta de −8,17 ± 2.26 mV, número de partículas por mL de 6,97 ± 0,22 × 1013 e pH de 6,24 ± 0,02. O teor e a eficiência de encapsulação foram próximos de 100%. Com exceção do pH, todos parâmetros mantiveram-se iguais após 30 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Observou-se uma liberação controlada do fármaco devido à nanoencapsulação. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade demonstraram que as nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib apresentaram maior atividade antitumoral quando comparado com o fármaco livre. Também foi demonstrado indução de apoptose, pela análise de ciclo celular e marcação por Anexina-V conjugada ao 7-AAD. No ensaio clonogênico, as nanocápsulas contendo erlotinib reduziram 100% o número de colônias formadas. Conclusões: Foram obtidas nanocápsulas com propriedades nanotécnologicas adequadas e capazes de controlar a liberação do erlotinib. Os estudos in vitro na linhagem celular A549 demonstraram aumento no efeito antitumoral e foi demonstrado que o encapsulamento do fármaco é imprescindível para essa melhor atividade.Purpose: To develop and characterise erlotinib-loaded polymeric nanocapsules and to evaluate its in vitro antitumor activity in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methodology: The erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules (0.5 mg.mL-1) were obtained by nanoprecipitation method using poly (ε-caprolactone) and copaiba oil as the polymeric wall and oily core, respectively. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were: mean diameter and size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential, particle concentration and pH. An HPLC-UV validated method was used to determine the drug content and encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro release study using dialysis bags was performed to obtain the drug release profile from nanocapsules. The erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules were evaluated regarding their potential to inhibit the growth, induce apoptosis, interfere with the cell cycle and clonogenic survival of lung adenocarcinoma cell (A549). Results: The nanocapsule formulation presented z-average diameter of 171 ± 2 (PDI <0.10), zeta potential value of -8.17 ± 2.26 mV, number of particles per mL of 6.97 ± 0.22 × 1013, and pH value of 6.24 ± 0.02. The drug content and the encapsulation efficiency were nearly 100%. Except for the pH value, all these parameters remained the same after 30 days of storage. A controlled release of the drug was observed due to nanoencapsulation. The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules showed higher antitumor activity compared to free drug. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by cell cycle analysis and Annexin-V/7AAD staining. In the clonogenic assay, erlotinib-loaded nanocapsules reduced 100% the number of colonies formed. Conclusions: Nanocapsules with appropriate nanotechnological properties and capable of controlling the erlotinib release were obtained. The in vitro studies in the A549 cell line showed an increase in antitumor effect and was demonstrated that the drug encapsulation is essential for this better activity