Two Wrongs Make a Right: Deficits in Reversal Learning after Orbitofrontal Damage Are Improved by Amygdala Ablation

Impaired cognitive flexibility after orbitofrontal damage has informed theories of orbitofrontal function and prefrontal cortex function generally. In this issue of Neuron, Stalnaker et al. demonstrate that reversal learning deficits after orbitofrontal damage in rats are eliminated by additional lesions of the basolateral amygdala. The involvement of orbitofrontal cortex in cognitive flexibility is via its interaction with the amygdala, and perhaps other brain areas, rather than an intrinsic property of this cortical region

Long-range Angular Correlations On The Near And Away Side In P-pb Collisions At √snn=5.02 Tev

7191/Mar294

Characterisation of haemolytic RTX toxins produced by Australian isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

The haemolytic RTX toxins of 27 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae , representing all serovars which have been isolated from pigs in Australia, were characterized. The quantity of protein secreted by these isolates into the media was not significantly different between serovars, but haemolytic activity was only detected in the unconcentrated supernatants from cultures of serovar 1 and 5 isolates. Haemolytic activity in supernatants of serovar 2, 3 and 7 isolates was detected only after the supernatants were concentrated. On Southern hybridization blots, genomic DNA of serovar 1 and 5 isolates contained regions which were similar to the cloned structural genes for ApxI (apxIA ) and for ApxII (apxIIA ). In contrast, genomic DNA of serovar 2, 3 and 7 isolates only contained regions similar to, if not identical with, the cloned apxIIA gene. The haemolytic activity of the culture supernatant depended on the type or composition of media and adaptability of the bacteria to in vitro cultivation. Low passage cultures of A. pleuropneumoniae , which were characterized by waxy colonies, produced significantly weaker haemolytic activity than A. pleuropneumoniae after several passages in vitro

Characterisation of haemolytic RTX toxins produced by Australian isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

The haemolytic RTX toxins of 27 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae , representing all serovars which have been isolated from pigs in Australia, were characterized. The quantity of protein secreted by these isolates into the media was not significantly different between serovars, but haemolytic activity was only detected in the unconcentrated supernatants from cultures of serovar 1 and 5 isolates. Haemolytic activity in supernatants of serovar 2, 3 and 7 isolates was detected only after the supernatants were concentrated. On Southern hybridization blots, genomic DNA of serovar 1 and 5 isolates contained regions which were similar to the cloned structural genes for ApxI (apxIA ) and for ApxII (apxIIA ). In contrast, genomic DNA of serovar 2, 3 and 7 isolates only contained regions similar to, if not identical with, the cloned apxIIA gene. The haemolytic activity of the culture supernatant depended on the type or composition of media and adaptability of the bacteria to in vitro cultivation. Low passage cultures of A. pleuropneumoniae , which were characterized by waxy colonies, produced significantly weaker haemolytic activity than A. pleuropneumoniae after several passages in vitro