3,898 research outputs found
Heritage Language Learners and Spanish for Specific Purposes: Bridging the Gap through Community Service Learning
The growth in the number of Spanish heritage language learners in languages for specific purposes classes has been accompanied by an increase in the number and types of community service learning programs in which these students can participate to better prepare them for future employment opportunities. In spite of the increase in the number of Spanish heritage language learners in the languages for specific purposes classroom, few studies have looked at these students in this setting and even fewer have looked at the role that community service learning can play in developing these learners’ domain-specific abilities. Through an analysis of research in the areas of heritage language learners, Spanish for specific purposes, and community service learning, this article discusses strategies to effectively teach Spanish heritage language learners in language for specific purposes classes and to develop their language and cultural knowledge through community service learning. In addition, we address many of the challenges that arise when connecting Spanish heritage language learners with community partners as well as the obstacles to the integration of community service learning into the Spanish for specific purposes curriculum. The article concludes providing suggestions on how community service can be used to help Spanish heritage language learners not only see the benefits of language for specific purposes courses but also transfer their skills to other fields of study
Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the focused wind in the Cygnus X-1 system III. Dipping in the low/hard state
We present an analysis of three Chandra High Energy Transmission Gratings
observations of the black hole binary Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 at different orbital
phases. The stellar wind that is powering the accretion in this system is
characterized by temperature and density inhomogeneities including structures,
or "clumps", of colder, more dense material embedded in the photoionized gas.
As these clumps pass our line of sight, absorption dips appear in the light
curve. We characterize the properties of the clumps through spectral changes
during various dip stages. Comparing the silicon and sulfur absorption line
regions (1.6-2.7 keV 7.7-4.6 {\AA}) in four levels of varying column
depth reveals the presence of lower ionization stages, i.e., colder or denser
material, in the deeper dip phases. The Doppler velocities of the lines are
roughly consistent within each observation, varying with the respective orbital
phase. This is consistent with the picture of a structure that consists of
differently ionized material, in which shells of material facing the black hole
shield the inner and back shells from the ionizing radiation. The variation of
the Doppler velocities compared to a toy model of the stellar wind, however,
does not allow us to pin down an exact location of the clump region in the
system. This result, as well as the asymmetric shape of the observed lines,
point at a picture of a complex wind structure.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Core excitations across the neutron shell gap in ²⁰⁷Tl
The single closed-neutron-shell, one proton-hole nucleus 207Tl was populated in deep-inelastic collisions of a 208Pb beam with a 208Pb target. The yrast and near-yrast level scheme has been established up to high excitation energy, comprising an octupol
Black Brane Viscosity and the Gregory-Laflamme Instability
We study long wavelength perturbations of neutral black p-branes in
asymptotically flat space and show that, as anticipated in the blackfold
approach, solutions of the relativistic hydrodynamic equations for an effective
p+1-dimensional fluid yield solutions to the vacuum Einstein equations in a
derivative expansion. Going beyond the perfect fluid approximation, we compute
the effective shear and bulk viscosities of the black brane. The values we
obtain saturate generic bounds. Sound waves in the effective fluid are
unstable, and have been previously related to the Gregory-Laflamme instability
of black p-branes. By including the damping effect of the viscosity in the
unstable sound waves, we obtain a remarkably good and simple approximation to
the dispersion relation of the Gregory-Laflamme modes, whose accuracy increases
with the number of transverse dimensions. We propose an exact limiting form as
the number of dimensions tends to infinity.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures. v2: minor corrections and refs adde
Alternative methods of determining hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratios: A comprehensive review
The hamstrings-to-quadriceps muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque has been used as an important tool to detect muscle imbalance, monitor knee joint stability, describe muscle strength properties and functionality, and for lower extremity injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, this ratio does not consider other neuromuscular variables that can also influence the antagonist to agonist muscle relationship, such as torque produced at multiple angles of range of motion, explosive strength, muscle size, muscle fatigue, or muscle activation. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These include ratios calculated by angle-specific torque, rate of torque development, muscle size, fatigue index, and muscle activation (measured by electromyography). Collectively, the literature demonstrates that utilizing alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio can be functionally relevant for a better understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning the interaction of strength between hamstrings and quadriceps. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the alternative methods as sensitive clinical tools for predicting injury risk and monitoring knee joint integrity. Future longitudinal studies, along with injury incidence, are needed to further investigate all alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These have potential to offer insight into how athletes and the general population should be trained for performance enhancement and injury reduction, and may be used along with traditional methods for a thorough assessment of an individual\u27s H:Q muscle balance
Iron and Nickel Line Diagnostics for the Galactic Center Diffuse Emission
We have observed the diffuse X-ray emission from the Galactic center (GC)
using the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) on Suzaku. The high-energy
resolution and the low-background orbit provide excellent spectra of the GC
diffuse X-rays (GCDX). The XIS found many emission lines in the GCDX near the
energy of K-shell transitions of iron and nickel. The most pronounced features
are FeI K alpha at 6.4 keV and K-shell absorption edge at 7.1 keV, which are
from neutral and/or low ionization states of iron, and the K-shell lines at 6.7
keV and 6.9 keV from He-like (FeXXV K alpha) and hydrogenic (FeXXVI Ly alpha)
ions of iron. In addition, K alpha lines from neutral or low ionization nickel
(NiI K alpha) and He-like nickel (NiXXVII K alpha), and FeI K beta, FeXXV K
beta, FeXXVI Ly beta, FeXXV K gamma and FeXXVI Ly gamma are detected for the
first time. The line center energies and widths of FeXXV K alpha and FeXXVI Ly
alpha favor a collisional excitation (CE) plasma for the origin of the GCDX.
The electron temperature determined from the line flux ratio of FeXXV K alpha /
FeXXV K beta is similar to the ionization temperature determined from that of
FeXXV K alpha /FeXXVI Ly alpha. Thus it would appear that the GCDX plasma is
close to ionization equilibrium. The 6.7 keV flux and temperature distribution
to the galactic longitude is smooth and monotonic,in contrast to the integrated
point source flux distribution. These facts support the hypothesis that the
GCDX is truly diffuse emission rather than the integration of the outputs of a
large number of unresolved point sources. In addition, our results demonstrate
that the chemical composition of Fe in the interstellar gas near the GC is
constrained to be about 3.5 times solar.Comment: 11 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in PASJ Suzaku Special
Issue (vol. 59 sp. 1
Seminal plasma and prostaglandin E2 up-regulate fibroblast growth factor 2 expression in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells via E-series prostanoid-2 receptor-mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway
We report a multiwavelength (X-ray, ultraviolet/optical/infrared, radio)
analysis of the relativistic tidal disruption event candidate Sw J2058+05 from
3 months to 3 yr post-discovery in order to study its properties and compare
its behavior with that of Sw J1644+57. Our main results are as follows. (1) The
long-term X-ray light curve of Sw J2058+05 shows a remarkably similar trend to
that of Sw J1644+57. After a prolonged power-law decay, the X-ray flux drops
off rapidly by a factor of within a span of /
0.95. Associating this sudden decline with the transition from super-Eddington
to sub-Eddington accretion, we estimate the black hole mass to be in the range
of M. (2) We detect rapid ( s) X-ray
variability before the dropoff, suggesting that, even at late times, the X-rays
originate from close to the black hole (ruling out a forward-shock origin). (3)
We confirm using HST and VLBA astrometry that the location of the source
coincides with the galaxy's center to within pc (in projection).
(4) We modeled Sw J2058+05's ultraviolet/optical/infrared spectral energy
distribution with a single-temperature blackbody and find that while the radius
remains more or less constant at a value of AU (
cm) at all times during the outburst, the blackbody temperature drops
significantly from 30,000 K at early times to a value of 15,000 K
at late times (before the X-ray dropoff). Our results strengthen Sw J2058+05's
interpretation as a tidal disruption event similar to Sw J1644+57.Comment: Replaced with the published version of the manuscrip
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