968 research outputs found
Coronal Temperature Diagnostic Capability of the Hinode/X-Ray Telescope Based on Self-Consistent Calibration
The X-Ray Telescope (XRT) onboard the Hinode satellite is an X-ray imager
that observes the solar corona with unprecedentedly high angular resolution
(consistent with its 1" pixel size). XRT has nine X-ray analysis filters with
different temperature responses. One of the most significant scientific
features of this telescope is its capability of diagnosing coronal temperatures
from less than 1 MK to more than 10 MK, which has never been accomplished
before. To make full use of this capability, accurate calibration of the
coronal temperature response of XRT is indispensable and is presented in this
article. The effect of on-orbit contamination is also taken into account in the
calibration. On the basis of our calibration results, we review the
coronal-temperature-diagnostic capability of XRT
Lithographically Defined Micropost Arrays for Programmable Actuation and Interfacial Hydrodynamics
Magnetically actuating surface-attached post (ASAP) arrays have great potential in microfluidic flow control, including mixing and pumping. Both passive (nonactuating) and active (actuating) micropillar arrays can also be used to control pressure-driven flow and the motion of microscopic particles carried by the fluid through microfluidic channels. Molding techniques are popular for generating these microstructures. However, fabricating high aspect ratio elastomeric microstructures over large surface areas suffers from practical problems such as damage incurred in the demolding process. Here, we report on a fabrication protocol that generates ASAP with an aspect ratio as high as 23:1 and a cross-sectional area less than 1 ÎĽm2 using straightforward photolithography processes. We generated 50 unique ASAP arrays, each occupying an area of 1 mm2 on a silicon mold; these arrays have varied cross-sectional shape and size, aspect ratio, and spacings between neighboring posts. Our protocol also controls the level of magnetic material in the ASAP tips with a centrifugation step. Using a herringbone pattern ASAP array, we have demonstrated control over the relative phase of actuation between neighboring posts. Such ASAP serve as an experimental platform to test current models predicting that reciprocal actuators in close proximity can successfully drive flow in a low Reynolds (Re) number environment
Off-limb (spicule) DEM distribution from SoHO/SUMER observations
In the present work we derive a Differential Emission Measure (DEM) dis-
tribution from a region dominated by spicules. We use spectral data from the
Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) spectrometer
on-board the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) covering the entire SUMER
wavelength range taken off-limb in the Northern polar coronal hole to construct
this DEM distribution using the CHIANTI atomic database. This distribution is
then used to study the thermal properties of the emission contributing to the
171 {\AA} channel in the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on-board the Solar
Dynamics Observatory (SDO). From our off-limb DEM we found that the radiance in
the AIA 171 {\AA} channel is dominated by emission from the Fe ix 171.07 {\AA}
line and has sparingly little contribution from other lines. The product of the
Fe ix 171.07 {\AA} line contribution function with the off-limb DEM was found
to have a maximum at logTmax (K) = 5.8 indicating that during spicule
observations the emission in this line comes from plasma at transition region
temperatures rather than coronal. For comparison, the same product with a quiet
Sun and prominence DEM were found to have a maximum at logT max (K) = 5.9 and
logTmax (K) = 5.7, respectively. We point out that the interpretation of data
obtained from the AIA 171 {\AA} filter should be done with foreknowledge of the
thermal nature of the observed phenomenon. For example, with an off-limb DEM we
find that only 3.6% of the plasma is above a million degrees, whereas using a
quiet Sun DEM, this contribution rises to 15%.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures accepted by Solar Physic
Surface Polymer Network Model and Effective Membrane Curvature Elasticity
A microscopic model of a surface polymer network - membrane system is
introduced, with contact polymer surface interactions that can be either
repulsive or attractive and sliplinks of functionality four randomly
distributed over the supporting membrane surface anchoring the polymers to it.
For the supporting surface perturbed from a planar configuration and a small
relative number of surface sliplinks, we investigate an expansion of the free
energy in terms of the local curvatures of the surface and the surface density
of sliplinks, obtained through the application of the Balian - Bloch -
Duplantier multiple surface scattering method. As a result, the dependence of
the curvature elastic modulus, the Gaussian modulus as well as of the
spontaneous curvature of the "dressed" membrane, ~{\sl i.e.} polymer network
plus membrane matrix, is obtained on the mean polymer bulk end to end
separation and the surface density of sliplinks.Comment: 15 pages with one included compressed uuencoded figure
Seasonal size variation in the predatory cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemii in Lake Michigan
1.  Dry weight, body length and spine length were measured for the exotic cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemii collected from offshore and inshore stations in southeastern Lake Michigan. Average dry weight of each developmental stage exhibited seasonal variation by a factor of more than 5. 2.  Mean dry weight of Bythotrephes was closely correlated with water temperature. Contrary to the inverse relationship between water temperature and body size frequently observed for other invertebrates, the dry weight of Bythotrephes increased at higher ambient temperatures. 3.  No significant correlation was observed between abundances of major zooplankton taxa and the dry weight of Bythotrephes . An indirect effect of temperature on prey consumption may cause seasonal variation in dry weight of Bythotrephes in Lake Michigan. 4.  Distances between adjacent pairs of barbs, added to the caudal spine with each moult, are significantly shorter in Bythotrephes which produce resting eggs. Less material investment in the exoskeleton of sexually reproducing females was observed in favour of growth and reproduction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74641/1/j.1365-2427.1994.tb00842.x.pd
Differential cross section and recoil polarization measurements for the gamma p to K+ Lambda reaction using CLAS at Jefferson Lab
We present measurements of the differential cross section and Lambda recoil
polarization for the gamma p to K+ Lambda reaction made using the CLAS detector
at Jefferson Lab. These measurements cover the center-of-mass energy range from
1.62 to 2.84 GeV and a wide range of center-of-mass K+ production angles.
Independent analyses were performed using the K+ p pi- and K+ p (missing pi -)
final-state topologies; results from these analyses were found to exhibit good
agreement. These differential cross section measurements show excellent
agreement with previous CLAS and LEPS results and offer increased precision and
a 300 MeV increase in energy coverage. The recoil polarization data agree well
with previous results and offer a large increase in precision and a 500 MeV
extension in energy range. The increased center-of-mass energy range that these
data represent will allow for independent study of non-resonant K+ Lambda
photoproduction mechanisms at all production angles.Comment: 22 pages, 16 figure
Measurement of the nuclear multiplicity ratio for hadronization at CLAS
The influence of cold nuclear matter on lepto-production of hadrons in
semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is measured using the CLAS detector in
Hall B at Jefferson Lab and a 5.014 GeV electron beam. We report the
multiplicity ratios for targets of C, Fe, and Pb relative to deuterium as a
function of the fractional virtual photon energy transferred to the
and the transverse momentum squared of the . We find that the
multiplicity ratios for are reduced in the nuclear medium at high
and low , with a trend for the transverse momentum to be
broadened in the nucleus for large .Comment: Submitted to Phys. Lett.
Coherent Photoproduction of pi^+ from 3^He
We have measured the differential cross section for the
He reaction. This reaction was studied using
the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. Real photons
produced with the Hall-B bremsstrahlung tagging system in the energy range from
0.50 to 1.55 GeV were incident on a cryogenic liquid He target. The
differential cross sections for the He
reaction were measured as a function of photon-beam energy and pion-scattering
angle. Theoretical predictions to date cannot explain the large cross sections
except at backward angles, showing that additional components must be added to
the model.Comment: 11 pages, 16 figure
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