Patterns of Disenchantment: The Position of the Liberal and Labour Party: 1910-1914

The first chapter deals with the underlying trends of the period. At first the material conditions of the first decade of the twentieth century will be assessed. What was the economic condition of the people? How was this position colored by the levels of relative deprivation, education, and leisure time that existed in Edwardian England? Once these basic areas have been examined, chapter one goes on to trace the development known as the New Unionism which began taking root after 1889 and really found its place after 1910. What was the nature of this unionism and what made it different from its predecessor? We will briefly look at the disputes of the period and their importance to a growing workers\u27 consciousness. This topic of consciousness-will then be viewed within the framework of the earlier part of this chapter. The final section will then make the bridge to politics as it briefly examines the political ramifications of the New Unionism. Chapter two concentrates on the parliamentary Labour Party. In tracing the early development of Labour, emphasis will be placed on the multitude of constraints and liabilities that the party encountered from 1900 to 1914. Areas covered will include internal weaknesses, the relationship with trade unions, and external constraints (i.e. the Liberal Party, the constraints of the political system, etc.). The second part of the chapter will examine the growth of the Labour Party from 1910 to 1914. Not only will the evolution of the structure of the party be assessed but the general political picture from the perspective of Labour as of 1914 will be examined. The last chapter will scrutinize the actual position of the Liberal Party in the years 1910 to 1914 with an emphasis on the oft-overlooked question of municipal elections. Some may ask after the author\u27s earlier attempts at discrediting purely empirical studies why he ends up doing the same. The reason is to show how misleading electoral study can be . For at the national level, the Liberals will be seen to be strong while Labour appears inept and at bay. Municipal results reveal quite a different picture. After this section, a conclusion will attempt to draw this eclectic approach into a single cohesive statement of intent

Patterns of Disenchantment: The Position of the Liberal and Labour Party: 1910-1914

The first chapter deals with the underlying trends of the period. At first the material conditions of the first decade of the twentieth century will be assessed. What was the economic condition of the people? How was this position colored by the levels of relative deprivation, education, and leisure time that existed in Edwardian England? Once these basic areas have been examined, chapter one goes on to trace the development known as the New Unionism which began taking root after 1889 and really found its place after 1910. What was the nature of this unionism and what made it different from its predecessor? We will briefly look at the disputes of the period and their importance to a growing workers\u27 consciousness. This topic of consciousness-will then be viewed within the framework of the earlier part of this chapter. The final section will then make the bridge to politics as it briefly examines the political ramifications of the New Unionism. Chapter two concentrates on the parliamentary Labour Party. In tracing the early development of Labour, emphasis will be placed on the multitude of constraints and liabilities that the party encountered from 1900 to 1914. Areas covered will include internal weaknesses, the relationship with trade unions, and external constraints (i.e. the Liberal Party, the constraints of the political system, etc.). The second part of the chapter will examine the growth of the Labour Party from 1910 to 1914. Not only will the evolution of the structure of the party be assessed but the general political picture from the perspective of Labour as of 1914 will be examined. The last chapter will scrutinize the actual position of the Liberal Party in the years 1910 to 1914 with an emphasis on the oft-overlooked question of municipal elections. Some may ask after the author\u27s earlier attempts at discrediting purely empirical studies why he ends up doing the same. The reason is to show how misleading electoral study can be . For at the national level, the Liberals will be seen to be strong while Labour appears inept and at bay. Municipal results reveal quite a different picture. After this section, a conclusion will attempt to draw this eclectic approach into a single cohesive statement of intent

Gender differences in barriers to participation in after-school physical activities and related factors in Australian schoolchildren:a cross-sectional study

Introduction: This study investigated the gender differences in reported barriers to participation in after‐school physical activity (PA) and related health and socio‐behavioural factors in Australian schoolchildren. Methods: 5001 students aged 10 to 16 years completed the health and well‐being survey in 2014 indicating that they would like to participate in after‐school PA. Negative binomial regression models, stratified by gender, tested the relationship of age, reported health, junk food, participation in leisure PA, TV watching, weight status and socio‐economic index for area score (related factors) with the total number of barriers. Results: Girls were more likely to report a greater number of barriers to participation in after‐school PA than boys (p<0.05). Older age was associated with a higher number of barriers in girls (B(95%CI) = 1.061 (1.032, 1.090)) but not in boys. In both boys and girls, being overweight (boys: very overweight (1.367 (1.081, 1.730)); girls: slightly overweight (1.186 (1.100, 1.278)) or very overweight (1.414 (1.197, 1.667)), compared to students that reported ‘being about the right weight’, was associated with a greater number of barriers. Schoolchildren who reported less than excellent health status perceived a greater number of barriers to after‐school PA (girls: good (1.141 (1.060, 1.228)), fair (1.189 (1.070, 1.321)) and poor health (1.329 (1.093, 1.614)), boys: good health (1.166 (1.0728, 1.267))). Conclusions: There are gender differences in barriers to participation in after‐school PA; these should be taken into account when developing programs to increase schoolchildren’s after‐school PA. So what: The prevalence of physical inactivity in Australian adolescents is staggering. We observed that girls reported a greater number of barriers to participation in after‐school PA than boys; and being overweight and reporting poorer overall health was associated with a greater number of barriers. Affordable, gender‐ and age‐specific after‐school PA programs suitable for schoolchildren of all sizes and abilities are needed

Use of the i2b2 research query tool to conduct a matched case–control clinical research study: advantages, disadvantages and methodological considerations

Background: A major aim of the i2b2 (informatics for integrating biology and the bedside) clinical data informatics framework aims to create an efficient structure within which patients can be identified for clinical and translational research projects. Our objective was to describe the respective roles of the i2b2 research query tool and the electronic medical record (EMR) in conducting a case-controlled clinical study at our institution. Methods: We analyzed the process of using i2b2 and the EMR together to generate a complete research database for a case–control study that sought to examine risk factors for kidney stones among gastrostomy tube (G-tube) fed children. Results: Our final case cohort consisted of 41/177 (23%) of potential cases initially identified by i2b2, who were matched with 80/486 (17%) of potential controls. Cases were 10 times more likely to be excluded for inaccurate coding regarding stones vs. inaccurate coding regarding G-tubes. A majority (67%) of cases were excluded due to not meeting clinical inclusion criteria, whereas a majority of control exclusions (72%) occurred due to inadequate clinical data necessary for study completion. Full dataset assembly required complementary information from i2b2 and the EMR. Conclusions: i2b2 was critical as a query analysis tool for patient identification in our case–control study. Patient identification via procedural coding appeared more accurate compared with diagnosis coding. Completion of our investigation required iterative interplay of i2b2 and the EMR to assemble the study cohort

The impact of xerostomia on oral-health-related quality of life among younger adults

BACKGROUND: Recent research has suggested that chronic dry mouth affects the day-to-day lives of older people living in institutions. The condition has usually been considered to be a feature of old age, but recent work by our team produced the somewhat surprising finding that 10% of people in their early thirties are affected. This raises the issue of whether dry mouth is a trivial condition or a more substantial threat to quality of life among younger people. The objective of this study was to examine the association between xerostomia and oral-health-related quality of life among young adults while controlling for clinical oral health status and other potential confounding factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from a longstanding prospective observational study of a Dunedin (New Zealand) birth cohort: clinical dental examinations and questionnaires were used at age 32. The main measures were xerostomia (the subjective feeling of dry mouth, measured with a single question) and oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measured using the short-form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). RESULTS: Of the 923 participants (48.9% female), one in ten were categorised as 'xerostomic', with no apparent gender difference. There was a strong association between xerostomia and OHRQoL (across all OHIP-14 domains) which persisted after multivariate analysis to control for clinical characteristics, gender, smoking status and personality characteristics (negative emotionality and positive emotionality). CONCLUSION: Xerostomia is not a trivial condition; it appears to have marked and consistent effects on sufferers' day-to-day lives

Efficient counting of k-mers in DNA sequences using a bloom filter

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Counting <it>k</it>-mers (substrings of length <it>k </it>in DNA sequence data) is an essential component of many methods in bioinformatics, including for genome and transcriptome assembly, for metagenomic sequencing, and for error correction of sequence reads. Although simple in principle, counting <it>k</it>-mers in large modern sequence data sets can easily overwhelm the memory capacity of standard computers. In current data sets, a large fraction-often more than 50%-of the storage capacity may be spent on storing <it>k</it>-mers that contain sequencing errors and which are typically observed only a single time in the data. These singleton <it>k</it>-mers are uninformative for many algorithms without some kind of error correction.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present a new method that identifies all the <it>k</it>-mers that occur more than once in a DNA sequence data set. Our method does this using a Bloom filter, a probabilistic data structure that stores all the observed <it>k</it>-mers implicitly in memory with greatly reduced memory requirements. We then make a second sweep through the data to provide exact counts of all nonunique <it>k</it>-mers. For example data sets, we report up to 50% savings in memory usage compared to current software, with modest costs in computational speed. This approach may reduce memory requirements for any algorithm that starts by counting <it>k</it>-mers in sequence data with errors.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A reference implementation for this methodology, BFCounter, is written in C++ and is GPL licensed. It is available for free download at <url>http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/bfcounter.html</url></p

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia-one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout 's range. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

Updates in Interventional Radiology

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