Food and Distribution of Underyearling Brook and Rainbow Trout in Castle Lake, California

A difference was found in the summer distribution of underyearling brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and planted rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in Castle Lake, California. Brook trout underyearlings oriented to the bottom and were found primarily in shallow water on the eastern shore of the lake near springs. The rainbow trout underyearlings were more pelagic and were found in the littoral areas along the entire shoreline. Gravimetrically, the food eaten during the summer by brook trout underyearlings was 13% terrestrial, 11% limnetic, and 76% benthic. Rainbow trout ate 15% terrestrial, 15% limnetic, and 70% benthic food. In summer, rainbow trout adults are located in the epilimnion in Castle Lake, whereas adult brook trout are found near the bottom of the lake beyond the littoral zone. Due to this spatial isolation, their diets differ considerably. An earlier study showed that during the summer, adult brook trout ate 20% terrestrial, 31% limnetic, and 49% benthic food (by volume). Adult rainbow trout ate 49% terrestrial, 33% limnetic, and 18% benthic food

The financial feasibility of marriage for women receiving TANF: An analysis of six states

This project employed a descriptive case study methodology guided by rational choice theory to examine the financial feasibility of marriage for low income women. By modeling the income and expenses of eight different low income family types in six states (Arizona, California, New York, Oklahoma, Virginia, and Wisconsin) this study illustrates the financial situation of various low income families. The family types under investigation include: a single parent family, a family receiving TANF, cohabiting couple with two wage earners, cohabiting couple with one wage earner, a married family with two wage earners, a married couple with one wage earner, a unmarried couple with an infant (unmarried fragile family), and a married couple with an infant (married fragile family). The income of each family type was calculated at two different wage levels (minimum and low wage for each state under investigation). Income included the welfare benefits and subsidies each of the family\u27s is likely to receive (including child care subsidies and tax credits). The expenses of each family were calculated based on the size of the family and the cost of expenses such as housing and food expenditures. This study found that of the models presented here married families are not always financially better off when compared to single parent and cohabiting families. These findings demonstrate that if policy makers wish to support marriage among low income families they should first make marriage financially feasible for unmarried couples (particularly cohabiting couples) and create greater economic stability for couples that are already married. By providing consistent work supports (e.g. child care and health insurance), expanding programs that help low income families (such as the Earned Income Tax Credit), creating poverty measures that accurately reflect the real situation of low income families, and increasing the wages of low income workers, policy makers will create an environment where it is financially feasible for low income couples to marry and remain married

Potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems from the release of trace elements in geothermal fluids. Environmental Sciences Division publication No. 1097

Analyses of 14 trace elements found in hydrothermal fluids from various geothermal reservoirs in the western United States are presented. The concentrations of these elements, which include As, B, Ba, Br, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Ti and Zn, vary over orders of magnitude between reservoirs. Potential impacts are conservatively assessed on the basis of toxicity to freshwater biota, and bioaccumulation in food fish to the point where consumption might be hazardous to human health. Trace element concentrations generally range from benign levels to levels which might prove toxic to freshwater biota and contaminate food fisheries. The need for site-specific analyses and careful handling of geothermal fluids in order to minimize potential impacts is stressed

Social Work Case Histories: Foundation Year

Gain insight into the daily experiences of social workers with Social Work Case Studies: Foundation Year. This collection of case studies highlights work with individuals, families, groups, and organizations and aligns with topics and modules commonly covered during the foundation year of a Master of Social Work program.Each case study offers a detailed description of the client’s background and presenting problem, as well as the approaches used by the social worker to address the identified concern. Case-specific reflection questions highlight the social worker’s personal experiences, professional responses, and occasional struggles in the field. Social Work Case Studies: Foundation Year is an exceptional resource for integrating and connecting theoretical concepts to social work practic

Social Work Case Histories: Foundation Year

Gain insight into the daily experiences of social workers with Social Work Case Studies: Foundation Year. This collection of case studies highlights work with individuals, families, groups, and organizations and aligns with topics and modules commonly covered during the foundation year of a Master of Social Work program.Each case study offers a detailed description of the client’s background and presenting problem, as well as the approaches used by the social worker to address the identified concern. Case-specific reflection questions highlight the social worker’s personal experiences, professional responses, and occasional struggles in the field. Social Work Case Studies: Foundation Year is an exceptional resource for integrating and connecting theoretical concepts to social work practic