Specific surface area (SSA) of electrode materials.

<p>Specific surface area (SSA) of electrode materials.</p

The exfoliation equipment.

<p>a) The hydrodynamic tube shearing device with dispersion barrel and stirrer, b) the dispersion barrel during stirring (to avoid graphite flotation) and, c) a TEM-image of the processed material.</p

Particle size distribution.

<p>Particle size distribution from SEM image analysis.</p

Influence of electrode mass ratio on specific capacitance of supercapacitors with different aqueous electrolytes.

<p>Influence of electrode mass ratio on specific capacitance of supercapacitors with different aqueous electrolytes.</p

Structure of the composite surface taken with a field emission scanning electron microscope.

<p>The layered structure of the graphite flakes, the spherical shape of the activated carbon, and the cellulose nanofiber network are shown. a) magnification of 25000 ×; b) and c) magnification of 100000 ×.</p

Galvanostatic cycling profile of an electric double-layer capacitor.

<p>a) the first cycles and b) the last cycles of a typical 24-hour measurement.</p

Efficiency of electric double-layer capacitors operating in different electrolytes at the corresponding optimal electrode mass ratio.

<p>a) efficiency for each cycle of a 24-hour measurement and b) development of the efficiency during the first 10 cycles of the same measurements.</p

Comparison of electrical resistivity and BET surface area for alternative conducting carbons.

<p><i>ρ</i> is the electrical resistivity, SSA is the specific surface area of the material, CB is carbon black and BG is battery graphite.</p

TEM-imaging.

<p>TEM-images of particles from the process. a) after 5 passes, a typical particle found in the suspension that fits the frame size 20×20 μm. The scale is 5 μm. b) after 10 passes, a typical particle that fits the frame size 2.5×2.5 μm. The scale is 1000 nm.</p

Thickness measurement.

<p>AFM image of a partly folded flake found in the suspension after 10 passes with corresponding height profile along the indication bar. The measured flake thickness was 9.12 nm and the flake fits frame size 7.5×7.5 μm.</p