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    Luz ultravioleta: inactivaci贸n microbiana en frutas | Ultraviolet light: microbial inactivation on fruits

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    聽RESUMENLa radiaci贸n ultravioleta es considerada una tecnolog铆a emergente que consiste en someter la superficie del alimento a iluminaci贸n con longitudes de onda que var铆an desde 200-280 nm, comprob谩ndose que se presenta una mayor acci贸n germicida a emisiones de 254 nm. Se utilizan dosis que abarcan un intervalo desde 0,2 hasta 20 kJ/m2 y la distancia entre el producto y la l谩mpara var铆a desde 10 hasta 40 cm. La inactivaci贸n microbiana por luz ultravioleta se produce mediante la absorci贸n directa de la energ铆a ultravioleta por el microorganismo y una reacci贸n fotoqu铆mica intracelular resultante que cambia la estructura bioqu铆mica de las mol茅culas (probablemente en las nucleoprote铆nas) que son esenciales para la supervivencia del microorganismo. A su vez, induce mecanismos de defensa en el tejido metab贸licamente activo de frutas y hortalizas; provocando la producci贸n de fitoalexinas. Este tratamiento es 煤til como alternativa para prolongar la vida 煤til de los productos, debido a que requiere una baja inversi贸n, cortos tiempo de exposici贸n y no afecta significativamente las caracter铆sticas fisicoqu铆micas y sensoriales de las frutas frescas. En esta revisi贸n, se presentan los principios, factores y mecanismos de acci贸n que afectan la actividad antimicrobiana y la aplicaci贸n de la luz ultravioleta en frutas. Adem谩s, se tratan los aspectos que condicionan la eficacia y los efectos de la luz UV sobre la inactivaci贸n microbiana en frutas enteras o cortadas, los cambios fisicoqu铆micos que ocurren en estos sustratos una vez tratados y algunas investigaciones recientes en otros sustratos alimenticios.Palabras clave: Tratamiento no t茅rmico, hormesis, inocuidad, tecnolog铆a emergente, vida 煤til.ABSTRACTThe ultraviolet radiation is considered an emerging technology which consists in subjecting the surface of the food to light wavelengths ranging from 200-280 nm, and it was found that the greatest germicidal effect is achieved at emissions of 254 nm. The dose used are 0.2 to 20 kJ/m2, and the distance between the product and the lamp varies from 10 to 40 cm. Microbial inactivation by ultraviolet light is produced by the direct absorption of ultraviolet energy by the microorganism, and a photochemical reaction resulting that changed the intracellular biochemical structure of the molecules (probably the nucleic acids) that are essential for the survival of the microorganism. In turn, it induces defense mechanisms in the metabolically active tissue of fruit and vegetables, causing the production of phytoalexins. This is useful as an alternative treatment to prolong the shelf life of products, because it requires a low investment, short exposure time and does not significantly affect the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fresh fruits. In this review, the principles, factors and mechanisms of action affecting the antimicrobial activity and the application of ultraviolet light in fruit are discussed. In addition, the aspects that influence the effectiveness and impact of UV light on the microbial inactivation in whole or cut fruits, physicochemical changes that occur in these substrates once treated and some recent research in other food products are studied.Key words: Non-thermal treatment, hormesis, safety, emerging technology, shelf life
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