1,522 research outputs found

    Cationic Alkylaluminum-Complexed Zirconocene Hydrides as Participants in Olefin Polymerization Catalysis

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    The alkylaluminum-complexed zirconocene trihydride cation [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)_3(AliBu_2)_2]^+, which is obtained by reaction of (SBI)ZrCl_2 with [Ph_3C][B(C_6F_5)_4] and excess HAl^iBu_2 in toluene solution, catalyzes the formation of isotactic polypropene when exposed to propene at -30 °C. This cation remains the sole observable species in catalyst systems free of AlMe compounds. In the presence of AlMe_3, however, exposure to propene causes the trihydride cation to be completely converted, under concurrent consumption of all hydride species by propene hydroalumination, to the doubly Me-bridged cation [(SBI)Zr(μ-Me)_2AlMe_2]^+. The latter then becomes the resting state for further propene polymerization, which produces, by chain transfer to Al, mainly AlMe_2-capped isotactic polypropene

    Alkylaluminum-complexed zirconocene hydrides: identification of hydride-bridged species by NMR spectroscopy

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    Reactions of unbridged zirconocene dichlorides, (R_nC_5H_5−n)_2ZrCl_2 (n = 0, 1, or 2), with diisobutylaluminum hydride (HAl^iBu_2) result in the formation of tetranuclear trihydride clusters of the type (R_nC_5H_5−n)_2Zr(μ-H)_3(Al^iBu_2)_3(μ-Cl)_2, which contain three [Al^iBu_2] units. Ring-bridged ansa-zirconocene dichlorides, Me_2E(R_nC_5H_4−n)_2ZrCl_2 with E = C or Si, on the other hand, are found to form binuclear dihydride complexes of the type Me_2E(R_nC_5H_4−n)_2Zr(Cl)(μ-H)_2Al^iBu_2 with only one [Al^iBu_2] unit. The dichotomy between unbridged and bridged zirconocene derivatives with regard to tetranuclear versus binuclear product formation is proposed to be connected to different degrees of rotational freedom of their C_5-ring ligands. Alkylaluminum-complexed zirconocene dihydrides, previously observed in zirconocene-based precatalyst systems activated by methylalumoxane (MAO) upon addition of HAl^iBu_2 or Al^iBu_3, are proposed to be species of the type Me_2Si(ind)_2Zr(Me)(μ-H)_2Al^iBu_2, stabilized by interaction of their terminal Me group with a Lewis acidic site of MAO

    Cationic Alkylaluminum-Complexed Zirconocene Hydrides: NMR-Spectroscopic Identification, Crystallographic Structure Determination, and Interconversion with Other Zirconocene Cations

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    The ansa-zirconocene complex rac-Me_2Si(1-indenyl)_2ZrCl_2 ((SBI)ZrCl_2) reacts with diisobutylaluminum hydride and trityl tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate in hydrocarbon solutions to give the cation [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)_3(Al^iBu_2)_2]^+, the identity of which is derived from NMR data and supported by a crystallographic structure determination. Analogous reactions proceed with many other zirconocene dichloride complexes. [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)_3(Al^iBu2)_2]^+ reacts reversibly with ClAl^iBu_2 to give the dichloro-bridged cation [(SBI)Zr(μ-Cl)_2Al^iBu_2]^+. Reaction with AlMe_3 first leads to mixed-alkyl species [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)_3(AlMe_x^iBu_(2−x))_2^]+ by exchange of alkyl groups between aluminum centers. At higher AlMe_3/Zr ratios, [(SBI)Zr(μ-Me)_2AlMe_2]^+, a constituent of methylalumoxane-activated catalyst systems, is formed in an equilibrium, in which the hydride cation [(SBI)Zr(μ-H)_3(AlR_2)_2]^+ strongly predominates at comparable HAl^iBu_2 and AlMe_3 concentrations, thus implicating the presence of this hydride cation in olefin polymerization catalyst systems

    Die Nationaloekonomie an den Universitaeten Freiburg, Heidelberg und Tuebingen 1918-1945

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    Die Volkswirtschaftslehre ist eine noch junge Wissenschaft, die erst seit der Jahrhundertwende als eigene akademische Disziplin anerkannt wurde. Die drei südwestdeutschen Universitäten Freiburg, Heidelberg und Tübingen, an denen schon früh bedeutende Fachvertreter lehrten, haben eine herausragende Rolle sowohl bei der Institutionalisierung der Nationalökonomie gespielt als auch bei der Entwicklung der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. An allen drei Hochschulen lassen sich zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts Auswirkungen des großen Methodenstreits beobachten: Während die älteren Fachvertreter ganz der historischen Richtung anhängen, finden sich jüngere Wissenschaftler zusammen, die in der Volkswirtschaftslehre eine theoretische und empirische Wissenschaft erblicken. Mit der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten und der erzwungenen Emigration bedeutender Wissenschaftler erleidet die Weiterentwicklung der theoretischen Volkswirtschaftslehre einen schweren Einbruch. Dagegen strahlt nach Kriegsende der von Freiburger Wissenschaftlern entscheidend geprägte und daher vielfach als «Freiburger Schule» bezeichnete Ordoliberalismus auf das gesamte Nachkriegsdeutschland aus
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