Starting a new population of Schwalbea Americana on a longleaf pine restoration site in South Carolina

A new population of federally endangered Schwalbea americana (American chaffseed) was initiated at the state of South Carolina Department of Natural Resources Woods Bay Heritage Preserve, near Turbeville, South Carolina, in 2013–14. Based on improved survival over time, growth to maturity, evidence of reproduction, and size structure similar to that of a nearby natural population, we suggest that the new population has met the initial criteria for success. Persistence and growth of the population will depend on appropriate management in the form of prescribed fire or fire surrogates and, if necessary, continued demographic enhancement in the form of additional plantings

Shock wave physics and detonation physics – a stimulus for the emergence of numerous new branches in science and engineering

In the period of the Cold War (1945−1991), Shock Wave Physics and Detonation Physics (SWP&DP) – until the beginning of WWII mostly confined to gas dynamics, high-speed aerodynamics, and military technology (such as aero- and terminal ballistics, armor construction, chemical explosions, supersonic gun, and other firearms developments) – quickly developed into a large interdisciplinary field by its own. This rapid expansion was driven by an enormous financial support and two efficient feedbacks: the Terminal Ballistic Cycle and the Research & Development Cycle. Basic knowledge in SWP&DP, initially gained in the Classic Period (from 1808) and further extended in the Post-Classic Period (from the 1930s to present), is now increasingly used also in other branches of Science and Engineering (S&E). However, also independent S&E branches developed, based upon the fundamentals of SWP&DP, many of those developments will be addressed (see Tab. 2). Thus, shock wave and detonation phenomena are now studied within an enormous range of dimensions, covering microscopic, macroscopic, and cosmic dimensions as well as enormous time spans ranging from nano-/picosecond shock durations (such as produced by ultra-short laser pulses) to shock durations that continue for centuries (such as blast waves emitted from ancient supernova explosions). This paper reviews these developments from a historical perspective