59 research outputs found
Computing data for Levin-Wen with defects
We demonstrate how to do many computations for non-chiral topological phases
with defects. These defects may be 1-dimensional domain walls or 0-dimensional
point defects.
Using as a guiding example, we demonstrate how
domain wall fusion and associators can be computed using generalized tube
algebra techniques. These domain walls can be both between distinct or
identical phases. Additionally, we show how to compute all possible point
defects, and the fusion and associator data of these. Worked examples,
tabulated data and Mathematica code are provided.Comment: 17+25 pages, many tables and attached cod
Anomalies and entanglement renormalization
We study 't Hooft anomalies of discrete groups in the framework of
(1+1)-dimensional multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz states on the
lattice. Using matrix product operators, general topological restrictions on
conformal data are derived. An ansatz class allowing for optimization of MERA
with an anomalous symmetry is introduced. We utilize this class to numerically
study a family of Hamiltonians with a symmetric critical line. Conformal data
is obtained for all irreducible projective representations of each anomalous
symmetry twist, corresponding to definite topological sectors. It is
numerically demonstrated that this line is a protected gapless phase. Finally,
we implement a duality transformation between a pair of critical lines using
our subclass of MERA.Comment: 12+18 pages, 6+5 figures, 0+2 tables, v2 published versio
Fusing Binary Interface Defects in Topological Phases: The case
A binary interface defect is any interface between two (not necessarily
invertible) domain walls. We compute all possible binary interface defects in
Kitaev's model and all possible fusions between them.
Our methods can be applied to any Levin-Wen model. We also give physical
interpretations for each of the defects in the model.
These physical interpretations provide a new graphical calculus which can be
used to compute defect fusion.Comment: 27+10 pages, 2+5 tables, comments welcom
Detecting Topological Order with Ribbon Operators
We introduce a numerical method for identifying topological order in
two-dimensional models based on one-dimensional bulk operators. The idea is to
identify approximate symmetries supported on thin strips through the bulk that
behave as string operators associated to an anyon model. We can express these
ribbon operators in matrix product form and define a cost function that allows
us to efficiently optimize over this ansatz class. We test this method on spin
models with abelian topological order by finding ribbon operators for
quantum double models with local fields and Ising-like terms. In
addition, we identify ribbons in the abelian phase of Kitaev's honeycomb model
which serve as the logical operators of the encoded qubit for the quantum
error-correcting code. We further identify the topologically encoded qubit in
the quantum compass model, and show that despite this qubit, the model does not
support topological order. Finally, we discuss how the method supports
generalizations for detecting nonabelian topological order.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, comments welcom
Tensor Networks with a Twist: Anyon-permuting domain walls and defects in PEPS
We study the realization of anyon-permuting symmetries of topological phases
on the lattice using tensor networks. Working on the virtual level of a
projected entangled pair state, we find matrix product operators (MPOs) that
realize all unitary topological symmetries for the toric and color codes. These
operators act as domain walls that enact the symmetry transformation on anyons
as they cross. By considering open boundary conditions for these domain wall
MPOs, we show how to introduce symmetry twists and defect lines into the state.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 2 appendices, v2 published versio
Computing Defects Associated to Bounded Domain Wall Structures: The Case
A domain wall structure consists of a planar graph with faces labeled by
fusion categories/topological phases. Edges are labeled by bimodules/domain
walls. When the vertices are labeled by point defects we get a compound defect.
We present an algorithm, called the domain wall structure algorithm, for
computing the compound defect. We apply this algorithm to show that the
\emph{bimodule associator}, related to the obstruction of [Etingof et
al., Quantum Topol. 1, 209 (2010), arXiv:0909.3140], is trivial for all domain
walls of .
In the language of this paper, the ground states of the Levin-Wen model are
compound defects. We use this to define a generalization of the Levin-Wen model
with domain walls and point defects. The domain wall structure algorithm can be
used to compute the ground states of these generalized Levin-Wen type models.Comment: 16+10 pages, 7 tables, comments welcom
Domain walls in topological phases and the Brauer-Picard ring for
We show how to calculate the relative tensor product of bimodule categories
(not necessarily invertible) using ladder string diagrams. As an illustrative
example, we compute the Brauer-Picard ring for the fusion category
. Moreover, we provide a physical
interpretation of all indecomposable bimodule categories in terms of domain
walls in the associated topological phase. We show how this interpretation can
be used to compute the Brauer-Picard ring from a physical perspective.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, 3 tables, comments welcom
Gauging Defects in Quantum Spin Systems
The goal of this work is to build a dynamical theory of defects for quantum
spin systems. A kinematic theory for an indefinite number of defects is first
introduced exploiting distinguishable Fock space. Dynamics are then
incorporated by allowing the defects to become mobile via a microscopic
Hamiltonian. This construction is extended to topologically ordered systems by
restricting to the ground state eigenspace of Hamiltonians generalizing the
golden chain. We illustrate the construction with the example of a spin chain
with fusion rules, employing generalized
tube algebra techniques to model the defects in the chain. The resulting
dynamical defect model is equivalent to the critical transverse Ising model
Medium-term mortality after hip fractures and COVID-19: A prospective multi-centre UK study
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has caused 1.4 million deaths globally and is associated with a 3–4 times increase in 30-day mortality after a fragility hip fracture with concurrent COVID-19 infection. Typically, death from COVID-19 infection occurs between 15 and 22 days after the onset of symptoms, but this period can extend up to 8 weeks. This study aimed to assess the impact of concurrent COVID-19 infection on 120-day mortality after a fragility hip fracture. Methods A multi-centre prospective study across 10 hospitals treating 8% of the annual burden of hip fractures in England between 1st March and 30th April, 2020 was performed. Patients whose surgical treatment was payable through the National Health Service Best Practice Tariff mechanism for “fragility hip fractures” were included in the study. Patients’ 120-day mortality was assessed relative to their peri-operative COVID-19 status. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Results A total of 746 patients were included in this study, of which 87 (11.7%) were COVID-19 positive. Mortality rates at 30- and 120-day were significantly higher for COVID-19 positive patients relative to COVID-19 negative patients (p < 0.001). However, mortality rates between 31 and 120-day were not significantly different (p = 0.107), 16.1% and 9.4% respectively for COVID-19 positive and negative patients, odds ratio 1.855 (95% CI 0.865–3.978). Conclusion Hip fracture patients with concurrent COVID-19 infection, provided that they are alive at day-31 after injury, have no significant difference in 120-day mortality. Despite the growing awareness and concern of “long-COVID” and its widespread prevalence, this does not appear to increase medium-term mortality rates after a hip fracture
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