Still on the Sidelines: Developing the Non-Discrimination Paradigm under Title IX

I. Introduction Despite the promises of equal opportunity for women signalled by the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX), 1 little progress in the creditable realization of this goal occurred in intercollegiate or interscholastic athletics between 1972 and 1992. 2 This lack of progress was unfortunate. 3 In many ways, most women were still on the sidelines. However, recent judicial decisions have allowed many, but certainly not all, women to leave the sidelines and enter the playing fields as equals. By virtue of three landmark cases, Cohen v. Brown, 4 Roberts v. Colorado State Board of Agriculture, 5 and Favia v. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 6 women who are blessed with great athletic ability have earned a mandate for nu- merical parity with men in intercollegiate athletic programs. In these three cases, federal district courts issued injunctions to prevent post-secondary institutions from eliminating certain women\u27s intercollegiate athletic teams, 7 or reducing them to a lower level status. 8 Every decision was affirmed on appeal. 9 The various courts held that the defendant institutions in each of the three cases had engaged in gender discrimination, prohibited by Title IX, 10 by failing to meet any one of three alternative measures established in the Policy Interpretation. 11 These three measures, which are designed to be considered consecutively, attempt to provide for assessment of the opportu- nity for individuals of both genders to compete in athletic programs by de- termining: 1. Whether intercollegiate [or interscholastic ..

No place like home: Using local surroundings and history to implement environmental education

This project is designed to use the strategies of environmental education to teach fourth grade curriculum. By learning about the San Bernardino Mountain\u27s ecology, the hope is that students will discover the importance of these natural systems and stimulate their interest and awareness of the natural world

How Do Harm Reduction Efforts Affect Local Communities?

Harm reduction policy is an alternative approach to addressing opioid-related drug addiction with a focus on reducing the negative impacts of opioid use on users through rehabilitation efforts and communities as a whole. Opioid addiction and overdose is a growing epidemic in the United States. Drug overdose is a leading cause of death among individuals under 50 years old, and in 2017, more than 70,000 people died from drug overdose. Comparably, in 2017, 42,000 people died in traffic accidents. This research examines the potential of harm reduction policies to address the current opioid epidemic in the United States. Existing research on supervised injection facilities (SIF) shows benefits for both drug users and non-drug users: SIF offer drug users a safe place to inject illicit drugs and provides non-drug users a safer community through reduced drug-related harm. While there are upfront costs to build these facilities, research shows for every 10 years a SIF is in operation, there will be an estimated savings of 14 million dollars through reduced hospitalization expenses, fewer emergency department visits, and decreased ambulance expenses. InSite, a supervised injection facility in Vancouver serves an average of 415 injection room visits per day, and is a primary source demonstrating improved quality of life for those who frequent the facility. Being the first SIF in North America, it demonstrates what services future injection facilities in the U.S. could potentially provide. In an effort to accurately present research, we will emphasize the lives and money saved from implementing supervised injection facilities. Through presenting this research, we anticipate future policy discussions about the benefits SIFs could provide to communities around.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/fsrs2019/1000/thumbnail.jp

Is There Enhanced Depletion of Gas-Phase Nitrogen in Moderately Reddened Lines of Sight?

We report on the abundance of interstellar neutral nitrogen (NI) for 30 sightlines, using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). NI column densities are derived by measuring the equivalent widths of several ultraviolet absorption lines and subsequently fitting those to a curve of growth. We find a mean interstellar N/H of 51+/-4 ppm. This is below the mean found by Meyer et al. of 62(+4,-3) ppm (adjusted for a difference in f-values). Our mean N/H is similar, however, to the (f-value adjusted) mean of 51+/-3 ppm found by Knauth et al. for a larger sample of sightlines with larger hydrogen column densities comparable to those in this study. We discuss the question of whether or not nitrogen shows increased gas-phase depletion in lines of sight with column densities log(H_tot) >~ 21, as claimed by Knauth et al. The nitrogen abundance in the line of sight toward HD 152236 is particularly interesting. We derive very small N/H and N/O ratios for this line of sight that may support a previous suggestion that members of the Sco OB1 association formed from an N-deficient region.Comment: Accepted in The Astrophysical Journal, 9/2006 (expected pub. date: 1/2007) 38 pages, 5 figures (4 color

LGBTQ+ Catalog Users: A Brief Survey

To promote social justice, recent work in knowledge organization (KO) has focused on providing access for members of marginalized groups including LGBTQ+ persons. Expanding on this work, the current project explores demographics and library usage as well as the participant-provided identity terms of LGBTQ+ library catalog users. Using a survey methodology that collected 141 respondents’ information, researchers found that LGBTQ+ catalog users who responded were primarily young, educated, and identified as either Black or White. The majority of respondents reported regular use of the library catalog, though also found materials in a variety of other ways, including social media. When analyzed using facet analysis, terms used by respondents to express their identities were communicated in a range of ways with facets representing gender identity, gender alignment, gender expression, gender modality, physical attraction, emotional attraction, pronouns, and sociocultural identity all represented. Implications for the creation and application of specialized controlled vocabularies are discussed, with concerns about presumed simplicity of these approaches being questioned

LGBTQ+ Catalog Users: A Brief Survey

To promote social justice, recent work in knowledge organization (KO) has focused on providing access for members of marginalized groups including LGBTQ+ persons. Expanding on this work, the current project explores demographics and library usage as well as the participant-provided identity terms of LGBTQ+ library catalog users. Using a survey methodology that collected 141 respondents’ information, researchers found that LGBTQ+ catalog users who responded were primarily young, educated, and identified as either Black or White. The majority of respondents reported regular use of the library catalog, though also found materials in a variety of other ways, including social media. When analyzed using facet analysis, terms used by respondents to express their identities were communicated in a range of ways with facets representing gender identity, gender alignment, gender expression, gender modality, physical attraction, emotional attraction, pronouns, and sociocultural identity all represented. Implications for the creation and application of specialized controlled vocabularies are discussed, with concerns about presumed simplicity of these approaches being questioned

Applications of Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing to GPS Network Adjustments

This report was prepared by Kyle Snow while a student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science. It was submitted to the Graduate School of The Ohio State University in the Autumn of 2002 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Science degree. Prof. Burkhard Schaffrin served as advisor and Prof. C.K. Shum as co–advisor, both in the program for Geodetic Science and Surveying.The research was funded in part by the Office of Naval Research Naval Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP), under the Ohio State University component of the Gulf of Mexico Monitoring System, and the NASA Physical Oceanography program under the TOPEX/POSEIDON Extended Mission project.It is common in geodetic and surveying network adjustments to treat the rank deficient normal equations in a way that produces zero variances for the so–called "control" points. This is often done by placing constraints on a minimum number of the unknown parameters, typically by assigning a zero variance to the a priori values of these parameters (coordinates). This approach may require the geodetic engineer or analyst to make an arbitrary decision about which parameters to constrain, which may have undesirable effects, such as parameter error ellipses that grow with distance from the constrained point. Constraining parameters to a priori values is only one way of overcoming the rank deficiency inherent in geodetic and surveying networks. There are more preferable ways, which this thesis presents, namely Minimum Norm Least–Squares Solution (MINOLESS) and Best Linear Minimum Partial Bias Estimation (BLIMPBE). MINOLESS not only minimizes the weighted norm of the observation error vector but also minimizes the norm of the parameter vector, while BLIMPBE minimizes the bias for a subset of the parameters. In this thesis, these techniques are applied to a geodetic network that serves as a datum access for GPS–buoy work in Lake Michigan. The GPS–buoy has been used extensively in recent years by NOAA, The Ohio State University (OSU), and other organizations to determine lake and ocean surface heights for marine navigation and scientific studies. The work presented in this paper includes 1) parameter estimation using (Weighted) MINOLESS and hypothesis testing for the purpose of determining if recent observations are consistent with published coordinates at an earlier epoch; 2) a discussion of the BLIMPBE estimation technique for three new points to be used as GPS–buoy fiducial stations and a comparison of this technique to the "Adjustment with Stochastic Constraints" method; 3) usage of standardized reliability numbers for correlated observations; 4) a proposal for outlier detection and minimum outlier computation at the GPS–baseline level. The work may also be used as an example to follow for establishing new fiducial points with respect to a geodetic reference frame using observed GPS baseline vectors. The results of this work lead to the following conclusions: 1) MINOLESS is the parameter estimation techniques of choice when it is required that changes to all a priori coordinates be minimized while performing a minimally constrained adjustment; 2) BLIMPBE appears to be an attractive alternative for selecting subsets of the parameter vector to adjust. BLIMPBE solutions using various selection–matrix types are worthy of further investigation; 3) outlier detection at the GPS–baseline level permits the entire observed baseline to be evaluated at once, rather than making decisions regarding the ii hypothesis at the baseline–component level. It is shown that the two approaches can yield different results