Balancing Expression

<div><p>(A) With X inactivation alone, female and male gene expression is equilibrated, but X and autosome (AA) expression in both males (blue) and females (red) is not.</p> <p>(B) X inactivation along with increased expression from the active X chromosome balances between the sexes and between X and autosome.</p></div

Dosage Compensation in Development, with Regulation in Both Sexes

<div><p>(A) Initially, X and AA expression are out of balance in both males and females.</p> <p>(B) The combination of increased X chromosome expression and X inactivation in females balances expression later in development.</p></div

Network Cartoon

<div><p>(A) In this simple diagram, genes (circles) and regulatory connections (lines) are shown.</p> <p>(B) Reducing the dose of one gene (red exclamation point) perturbs the immediately connected genes (rose), but does not collapse the network.</p> <p>(C) Reducing the dose of two genes result in the loss of one part of the network (red slash).</p></div

Additional file 1: of Drosophila melanogaster positive transcriptional elongation factors regulate metabolic and sex-biased expression in adults

Summary of gene expression and k-means clustering. (XLS 10240 kb

Linking Genes and Brain Development of Honeybee Workers: A Whole-Transcriptome Approach

<div><p>Honeybees live in complex societies whose capabilities far exceed those of the sum of their single members. This social synergism is achieved mainly by the worker bees, which form a female caste. The worker bees display diverse collaborative behaviors and engage in different behavioral tasks, which are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). The development of the worker brain is determined by the female sex and the worker caste determination signal. Here, we report on genes that are controlled by sex or by caste during differentiation of the worker’s pupal brain. We sequenced and compared transcriptomes from the pupal brains of honeybee workers, queens and drones. We detected 333 genes that are differently expressed and 519 genes that are differentially spliced between the sexes, and 1760 genes that are differentially expressed and 692 genes that are differentially spliced between castes. We further found that 403 genes are differentially regulated by both the sex and caste signals, providing evidence of the integration of both signals through differential gene regulation. In this gene set, we found that the molecular processes of restructuring the cell shape and cell-to-cell signaling are overrepresented. Our approach identified candidate genes that may be involved in brain differentiation that ensures the various social worker behaviors.</p></div

Chemical inhibition of the ERK signalling pathway attenuates biomass smoke induced fibronectin deposition.

<p>Fibroblasts were pretreated for 1(10 µM) (A,B) or UO126 (5 µM) (C,D) in DMSO (vehicle control) before stimulation with 10% (A,C) and 20% BME (B,D) in the presence of inhibitors for 72 hours, prior to analysis of fibronectin deposition by ECM ELISA. Data expressed as % of unstimulated. Bars represent mean ± SEM. Data analysed by T-Test. *p<0.05 vs vehicle control, n = 5.</p

BME activates ERK1/2 signalling molecules.

<p>Fibroblasts were stimulated for 2% CSE or 1, 5, 10 or 20% BME in 0.1% FBS/DMEM, before whole cell lysates were collected and ERK1 (A) or ERK/2 (B) phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting. Data expressed as the ratio of pERK over GAPDH (housekeeping protein). Bars represent mean ± SEM. Data analysed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnet's post-test *p<0.05 vs unstimulated, n = 5. Image at top of graph is a representative composite western blot.</p

Biomass smoke extract enhances deposition of fibronectin from fibroblasts.

<p>Deposition of fibronectin (n = 16) (A) or perlecan (n = 6) (B) from human lung fibroblasts as measured by ECM ELISA following 72 hours stimulation with 5% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or 1, 5, 10 or 20% biomass smoke extract (BME) in 0.1% FBS/DMEM. Data expressed as absorbance at 405 nm with media alone baseline removed (A,B). Bars represent mean ± SEM. Data analysed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnet's post-test.*p<0.05 vs unstimulated, n = 6–16.</p

The number of DEGs that were up- and down-regulated in the brains.

<p>The number of DEGs that were up- and down-regulated in the brains.</p

Differentially expressed and spliced genes in the brains of workers compared to males and in workers compared to queens.

<p>Differentially expressed and spliced genes in the brains of workers compared to males and in workers compared to queens.</p