ESTUDIO DEL EFECTO DE FACTORES EXTERNOS SOBRE LAS REDES WLAN Y DISEÑO DE UN ALGORITMO COGNITIVO ENERGÉTICAMENTE EFICIENTE

[EN] Nowadays there are many works which analyze and seek to improve the performance of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) from different perspectives. A great deal of them is focused on design aspects, such as frequency distribution or channel assignment. Therefore, as these features have already been widely studied, my efforts have been directed to study other conditions that also could affect their performance and that have not been analyzed in depth yet. The main goal of this Ph.D. dissertation has been to perform a detailed study that researches the weather's impact on the performance of WLANs IEEE 802.11b/g. Two different WLAN scenarios have been analyzed to validate the results and to find precise relations. From conclusions of these previous analysis, the second objective has been to design a cognitive protocol that based on weather conditions and network performance parameters, allows networks to adjust their transmission features in order to overcome such impact. In order to conduct this study, firstly it was necessary to study which statistical methods could be used to extract the level of correlation between performance parameters of networks and weather conditions running at the same time. Secondly, I had to know which performance parameters the outdoor WLAN of Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) could provide, and select them according to my objective. Then, I defined the period of time in which these parameters were gathered periodically. The next step was to select and collect the weather conditions from a close weather station during the same period of time. Finally, I had to perform a detailed pre-processing to put all of the volume of data in order and data were statistically analyzed. Results were successful; however there were several problems due to the variability derived from a real WLAN scenario. Therefore, an experimental setup was required in order to check the obtained results. It entailed to design and to develop an outdoor point-to-multipoint IEEE 802.11b/g link and to analyze again the weather's impact. Multiple points were considered in order to take into account different distances in the performed evaluation and to examine the behavior of different modulation schemes working under the same weather conditions. From these results, a cognitive algorithm was designed in order to reduce the weather's impact on IEEE 802.11b/g networks. One key aspect was to ensure it was energy efficient. This protocol was simulated and the obtained results were satisfactory in terms of both energy efficiency and network performance. To conclude, other external factor to WLANs studied in this Ph.D thesis has been the specific absorption rate. It deals with a current public health worry because it is used to measure the body tissue exposure to electromagnetic fields. Obviously, signal absorption by human bodies affects to the performance of WLANs and so, this parameter should be also taken into account when deploying efficient networks. For this reason, this study has been also included in this thesis.[ES] Hoy en día existen muchos trabajos que analizan e intentan mejorar el rendimiento de las redes de área local inalámbricas desde diferentes perspectivas. Gran parte de estos trabajos se centran en aspectos de diseño, como son la distribución de frecuencias o la asignación de canales. Por lo tanto, como estos aspectos ya han sido ampliamente estudiados, los esfuerzos de esta tesis se han dirigido a estudiar otros factores que también podrían afectar a su rendimiento y que no han sido analizadas en profundidad todavía. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral ha sido realizar un estudio detallado que analice el impacto de las condiciones meteorológicas sobre el rendimiento de las redes IEEE 802.11b/g. Para realizar este estudio, se han analizado dos escenarios reales con el fin de verificar los resultados y encontrar relaciones precisas. A partir de las conclusiones de estos análisis previos, el segundo objetivo ha sido diseñar un algoritmo cognitivo que, en base a las condiciones meteorológicas y a los parámetros de rendimiento de red, permita a las redes ajustar sus características de transmisión con el fin de superar tal impacto. Con el fin de llevar a cabo este estudio, primero fue necesario estudiar qué métodos estadísticos podían ser utilizados para extraer el nivel de correlación entre los parámetros de rendimiento de las redes y las condiciones meteorológicas del entorno. En segundo lugar, se tuvo que analizar qué parámetros de rendimiento de red se podían extraer de la red exterior de la UPV y seleccionarlos de acuerdo con el objetivo perseguido. A continuación, se definió el periodo de tiempo durante el cual se almacenarían los parámetros seleccionados de forma periódica. El siguiente paso fue seleccionar y almacenar las condiciones meteorológicas de una estación cercana durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. Finalmente, se realizó un preprocesado detallado con el fin de poner en orden todo el volumen de datos y se analizaron estadísticamente. Los resultados fueron exitosos, sin embargo aparecieron varios problemas por el hecho de estudiar una red real muy variable. Por lo tanto, se tuvo que desarrollar un escenario experimental con el fin de verificar los resultados. Para ello se diseñó y desarrolló un enlace exterior IEEE 802.11b/g punto a multipunto, y se analizó de nuevo el impacto de las condiciones meteorológicas. Se consideró un enlace multipunto para analizar también cómo influía el impacto del tiempo según la distancia y los diferentes esquemas de modulación. A partir de los resultados, se diseñó un algoritmo cognitivo energéticamente eficiente con el fin de reducir el impacto de los fenómenos meteorológicos en las redes IEEE 802.11b/g. Dicho algoritmo ha sido simulado y los resultados obtenidos han sido satisfactorios, tanto en términos de eficiencia energética como de rendimiento de la red. Para concluir, otro factor externo que se ha estudiado en esta tesis ha sido la tasa de absorción específica. Este parámetro está relacionado con una de las grandes preocupaciones actuales en cuanto a salud pública, ya que se utiliza para medir la exposición de los tejidos del cuerpo humano a los campos electromagnéticos. Obviamente, la absorción de señal por parte del cuerpo humano afecta a las redes y, por lo tanto, este parámetro se debería tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar redes eficientes. Por esta razón se ha incluido en esta tesis doctoral.[CA] Actualment hi ha molts treballs que analitzen i intenten millorar el rendiment de les xarxes d'àrea local sense fils des de diferents perspectives. Gran part d'aquests treballs es focalitzen en aspectes de disseny, com són la distribució de freqüències o l'assignació de canals. Per tant, com aquests aspectes ja han sigut àmpliament estudiats, els esforços d'aquesta tesi doctoral s'han dirigit a estudiar altres factors que també podrien afectar al seu rendiment i que encara no han sigut analitzats amb profunditat. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi doctoral ha sigut realitzar un estudi minuciós per analitzar l'impacte de les condicions meteorològiques sobre el rendiment de les xarxes IEEE 802.11b/g. Per a realitzar aquest estudi s'han analitzat dos escenaris reals per tal de verificar els resultats i trobar relacions precises. A partir de les conclusions d'aquests anàlisis previ, el següent objectiu ha sigut dissenyar un algoritme cognitiu que, en base a les condicions meteorològiques i als paràmetres de rendiment de la xarxa, permeti a les xarxes ajustar les seues característiques de transmissió per tal de superar tal impacte. Per tal de dur a terme aquest estudi, primer va ser necessari estudiar quins mètodes estadístics podien ser utilitzats per extraure el nivell de correlació entre els paràmetres de rendiment de les xarxes i les condicions meteorològiques de l'entorn. En segon lloc, es va haver d'analitzar quins paràmetres de rendiment es podien extraure de la xarxa exterior de la UPV i es van seleccionar d'acord a l'objectiu plantejat. A continuació, es va definir el període temporal al llarg del qual s'emmagatzemarien els paràmetres seleccionats de manera periòdica. El següent pas va ser seleccionar i emmagatzemar les condicions meteorològiques d'una estació propera durant el mateix període de temps. Finalment, es va realitzar un preprocessat per tal de posar en ordre tot el volum de dades i es van analitzar estadísticament. Els resultats van ser exitosos, però van aparèixer diversos problemes pel fet d'estudiar una xarxa real molt variable. Per tant, es va haver de desenvolupar un escenari experimental amb l'objectiu de verificar els resultats. Per aquesta raó es va dissenyar i implementar un enllaç exterior IEEE 802.11b/g punt a multipunt, i es va analitzar de nou l'impacte de les condicions meteorològiques. Es va considerar un enllaç multipunt per tal de d'analitzar també com influïa el impacte del temps segons la distància i els diferents esquemes de modulació. A partir d'aquests resultats, es va dissenyar un algoritme cognitiu energèticament eficient per tal de reduir l'impacte dels fenòmens meteorològics sobre les xarxes IEEE 802.11b/g. Aquest algoritme va ser simulat i els resultats obtinguts van ser satisfactoris, tant en termes d'eficiència energètica com de rendiment de la xarxa. va comprovar que la proposta aporta millores. Per concloure, un altre factor extern que s'ha estudiat en aquesta tesi doctoral ha sigut la taxa d'absorció específica. Aquest paràmetre està relacionat amb una de les preocupacions actuals pel que fa a la salut pública, ja que s'utilitza per a mesurar l'exposició dels teixits del cos humà als camps electromagnètics. Òbviament, aquesta absorció de la senyal afecta el rendiment de les xarxes i, per això, aquest paràmetre s'hauria de tenir en compte a l'hora d'implementar futures xarxes sense fils eficients. Per aquesta raó s'ha inclòs en aquesta tesi doctoral.Bri Molinero, D. (2015). ESTUDIO DEL EFECTO DE FACTORES EXTERNOS SOBRE LAS REDES WLAN Y DISEÑO DE UN ALGORITMO COGNITIVO ENERGÉTICAMENTE EFICIENTE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/53450TESI

Model fitting to account for the weather s impact on wireless propagation at 2.4 GHz

[EN] Usually, users of outdoor wireless local area networks have a good quality of experience and they do not have any complaint about its performance. However, under certain weather conditions, their performance decreases due to influence of meteorological variables on wireless signal propagation and users notice this deterioration through disconnections, delays, data loss, etc. This paper presents the research carried out in order to approach the unsuccessful transmission of different frames at MAC layer from the weather conditions at run time by using mathematic models.This work has been supported by the Vice-Rectorate for Research, Innovation and Transfer through the programme FPI-UPV. The authors would like to thank Borja Opticos and Azimut Electronics for their support.Bri Molinero, D.; Garcia, M.; Lloret, J.; Ramos, F. (2017). Model fitting to account for the weather s impact on wireless propagation at 2.4 GHz. National Academy Science Letters. 40(2):127-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0520-7S127130402Bianchi C, Meloni A (2007) Natural and man-made terrestrial electromagnetic noise: an outlook. Ann Geophys 50:435–445International Telecommunications Union (2013) Recommendation ITU-R P.676-10: attenuation by atmospheric gasesInternational Telecommunications Union (2013) Recommendation ITU-R P.530-15: propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systemsBri D, Fernández-DiegoM Garcia M, Ramos F, Lloret J (2012) How the weather impacts on the performance of an outdoor WLAN. IEEE Commun Lett 6:1184–1187Bri D, Ramos F, Lloret J, Garcia M (2012) The influence of meteorological variables on the performance of outdoor wireless local area networks. In: IEEE international conference on communications, OttawaBri D, Sendra S, Coll H, Lloret J (2010) How the atmospheric variables affect to the WLAN Datalink layer parameters. In: Advanced international conference on telecommunications, BarcelonaChu CH, Chen YM, Huang YT, Carvalho R, Hsu CC, Chen LJ (2014) Measurement of long-distance Wi-Fi connections: an empirical study. In: IEEE international conference on communications, SydneyOhshima K, Hara H, Hagiwara Y, Terada M (2012) Field investigation of the radio transmission performance and distance in an environmental wireless sensor network. In: International conference on information networking, BaliNadeem F, Leitgeb E, Koudelka O, Kandus TJG (2008) Comparing the rain effects on hybrid network using optical wireless and GHz links. In: International conference on emerging technologies, RawalpindiSchmidt M, Lipson H (2009) Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data. Science 324:81–85Schmidt M, Lipson H (2013) Eureqa (Version 0.98 beta) [Software] Available: www.nutonian.comBri D, Garcia M, Lloret J, Misic J (2015) Measuring the weather’s impact on MAC layer over 2.4 GHz outdoor radio links. Measurement 61:221–233Yu F, Biswas S (2012) MAC protocol switching: a novel tool for performance adaptation in wireless sensor networks. Netw Protoc Algor 4:69–8

IEEE 802.11g Radio Coverage Study for Indoor Wireless Network Redesign

An efficient wireless design and development is essential to ensure a good performance of the WLANs. It supposes a good estimation of the number of APs, their locations according to the structure of the building, a good channel distribution and an adequate level of transmission power in order to avoid overlapping but providing the largest coverage. Otherwise, a WLAN may be composed by more access points, so it may be more expensive, but with a worse function due to the radio overlapping among APs in the same channel. In this paper, we show how a WLAN can be redesigned in order to improve its wireless coverage and function. It is based on studying the distribution and features of a public building in a Spanish University in order to determine the optimum access point location and to assign the appropriated channel. In this case, this WLAN allows users to connect to one of the available SSIDs in the target building. Results obtained from the proposed redesign have been very successful from the point of view of performance and coverage.Sendra, S.; Bri Molinero, D.; Granell Romero, E.; Lloret, J. (2012). IEEE 802.11g Radio Coverage Study for Indoor Wireless Network Redesign. International Journal on Advances in Intelligent Systems. 5(4):518-532. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/47031S5185325

An Intelligent System to Detect the Type of Devices Sending and Receiving Data in the Network

Nowadays mobile and fixed devices are used interchangeably for surfing the web due to the huge improvements performed in mobile devices in the recent years. Both mobile and fixed devices with Internet connectivity are supplied with different types of connection, thus users can select the best one at any time depending on their environment. In general, the mobile devices allow users access to Internet using the 3G network or a common WiFi connection, and the fixed ones generally use a wireless or wired connection. Selecting one or another type of connection implies different features of the network environment, so Internet Service Providers need to adapt their infrastructure to guarantee acceptable levels of Quality of Service in every type of connection. In this paper we study the behavior of the devices according to their nature, that is, if it is a mobile or fixed device. First, we have classified the most significant network parameters and software application values in order to know the nature of the device. Our proposal uses an intelligent system based on neural networks and finite state machines that lets the Internet Service Provider know the type of device belongs to the traffic going to its network. The system analyzes the transport and application layers from TCP packets to discriminate the percentage of Internet traffic generated by mobile and fixed devices. Test results show the success of the developed system.Bri Molinero, D.; Canovas Solbes, A.; Tomás Gironés, J.; Lloret, J. (2013). An Intelligent System to Detect the Type of Devices Sending and Receiving Data in the Network. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 5(2):72-91. doi:10.5296/npa.v5i2.3833S72915

Cómo afectan ciertos fenómenos meteorológicos a diversos parámetros de capa MAC en una red de área local inalámbrica

[ES] Este trabajo trata de buscar alguna relación entre la variación de las variables meteorológicas: velocidad del viento, precipitación, temperatura y humedad relativa, y los parámetros de control y de gestión de capa MAC: número de asociaciones, desasociaciones, autentificaciones fallidas, roaming, reintentos de conexión, número de fallos, RTS exitosos, RTS fallidos, ACK fallidos y tramas con errores de FCS, de una red de área local inalámbrica con tráfico abundante. Para ello, recogimos todas estas variables y parámetros de la estación meteorológica y de la WLAN que se encuentran situados en el campus de Vera de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Por último, para buscar dicha relación, en primer lugar debimos procesar todos los datos y, a continuación, realizar un estudio estadístico con dos programas de análisis adecuados: Statgraphics Centurion XV y SPSS Statistics 17.0. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una relación baja, pero significativa entre los parámetros de gestión y la temperatura y la velocidad del viento. Especialmente cabe destacar la relación de los parámetros roaming y reintentos máximos de conexión con la temperatura[EN] The objective of this master's thesis is to relate the atmospheric variables with the datalink layer parameters of the wireless local area network of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Meterological variables were collected of the weather station of the same university.Bri Molinero, D. (2011). Cómo afectan ciertos fenómenos meteorológicos a diversos parámetros de capa MAC en una red de área local inalámbrica. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/27270.Archivo delegad

Análisis de la influencia de varios factores externos sobre la capa de acceso al medio de la red de área local inalámbrica de la UPV

El objetivo de este trabajo final de grado es analizar si la variación de las siguientes variables meteorológicas: velocidad del viento, precipitación, temperatura, humedad relativa y radiación solar, afecta, de algún modo, a los siguientes parámetros de capa de acceso al medio de la red de la red de área local inalámbrica (WLAN) exterior de la UPV: número de asociaciones, desasociaciones, autentificaciones fallidas, roaming, reintentos de conexión, número de fallos, RTS exitosos, RTS fallidos, ACK fallidos y tramas con errores de FCS. Además, se verá si dichas variables meteorológicas afectan al radio de cobertura de los puntos de acceso de la WLAN mencionada. The aim of this final degree project is to analyze if the variation of the following meteorological variables: wind speed, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation, affect to the some link layer parameters of UPV's outdoor wireless local area network (WLAN). Link layer parameters collected to be analyzed are: number of associations, detach, failed authentications, roaming, connection attempts, number of failures, successful RTS, failed RTS, failed ACK frames with errors on FCS. On the other hand, it will be analyze if these meteorological variables affect to the access points¿ radio coverage in the abovementioned WLAN.Bri Molinero, D. (2011). Análisis de la influencia de varios factores externos sobre la capa de acceso al medio de la red de área local inalámbrica de la UPV. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/14604Archivo delegad

Sistema de detección de fuegos basado en redes de sensores inalámbricos

Este proyecto tiene como principal objetivo la detección de incendios en campos agríco-las, pudiendo extrapolar su función a otros núcleos, como por ejemplo, terrenos forestales. Se trata de minimizar el tiempo de reacción de los servicios de extinción y por lo tanto los efectos consecuentes del fuego. El sistema permite, de forma remota, corroborar la existencia de fuego lo más rápido po-sible en un entorno rural. Para ello se montará un sistema compuesto por sensores, cuya función será, al detectar la presencia de humo, enviar su nombre a un servidor Web. Por otro lado, se programará una base de datos en el servidor en la cual se encontrarán re-lacionados los nombres de cada uno de los sensores con una determinada posición, almacenada previamente en la cámara, y con la dirección IP de la cámara. Finalmente el servidor Web, a partir de los parámetros anteriores, enviará a la cámara, vía WiFi, la instrucción necesaria para que ésta desplace su objetivo a la zona en concreto y muestre el lugar desde una página Web. Dicha página puede ser, la que tiene la cámara que vamos a utili-zada, u otra distinta. Por lo tanto, el segundo objetivo del proyecto va a ser diseñar dos páginas Web, para así prescindir de la página interna de la cámara.Bri Molinero, D. (2007). Sistema de detección de fuegos basado en redes de sensores inalámbricos. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/50042Archivo delegad

Measuring the Weather s Impact on MAC Layer Over 2.4 GHz Outdoor Radio Links

The weather s impact on the performance of a radio link at the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industry, Scientific and Medical) band had not been yet studied in great detail up to now as it is generally believed that the ultra-high frequency band is not significantly affected by weather conditions. However, our study shows significant correlations between meteorological variables and control frame errors at MAC (Medium Access Control) layer of the IEEE 802.11b/g standard. This study is performed over an outdoor radio link setting which has been monitored for several months. Moreover, we check if link distance and so modulation scheme and data rate are also decisive features of such impact. Our real scenario is composed of a point-to-multipoint link, one longer distance s than the other one. Finally, we conclude that the weather impacts on the number of control frame errors, and so it should be taken into account to design and deploy outdoor radio links IEEE 802.11b/g. Moreover, we have showed that such impact depends on data rate and modulation scheme.This work has been supported in part by the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion, Innovacion y Transferencia of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) through the Programa de Movilidad e Internalizacion Academica (PMIA-2013) thanks the Programa Campus de Excelencia Internacional (VLC/CAMPUS) funded by the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain, and by the same Vicerrectorado through the Programa para la Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI) subprograma 1. The authors would like to thank the Information and Communications Systems Office (ASIC) of the UPV for supporting the setting of this work, Borja Opticos Enterprise for providing meteorological data and Azimut Electronics Company for allowing us to use its head office as a point link.Bri Molinero, D.; García Pineda, M.; Lloret, J.; Jelena Misic (2015). Measuring the Weather s Impact on MAC Layer Over 2.4 GHz Outdoor Radio Links. Measurement. 61:221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.10.047S2212336

Collaborating Using Intergroup Communications in Group-Based Wireless Sensor Networks: Another Way for Saving Energy

[EN] Energy saving is the most important feature in wireless sensor networks (WSN). An energy saving method is to perform a logical grouping of nodes and add collaboration between them. In this paper, we show a method of collaboration between groups based on the communication between neighboring groups. Using this information, the groups will be able to create a collaborative intergroup routing pool tree. This routing pool tree allows collaboration between neighboring groups and also efficient delivery of data from any group to the sink node. This collaborative group-based system has been simulated and we have shown that it increases significantly the lifetime of sensor nodes.This work is supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”, through the “Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011”, project TEC2011-27516 and by the “Universitat Politècnica de Valencia” PAID-00-11.García Pineda, M.; Bri Molinero, D.; Lloret, J.; Lorenz, P. (2012). Collaborating Using Intergroup Communications in Group-Based Wireless Sensor Networks: Another Way for Saving Energy. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 7467:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32609-7_12S85937467Garcia, M., Bri, D., Sendra, S., Lloret, J.: Practical Deployments of Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey. Int. Journal on Advances in Networks and Services 3(1&2), 170–185 (2010)Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., Culler, D.: Telos Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In: 4th Int. Symp. on Infor. Processing in Sensor Networks, IPSN 2005, Los Angeles, USA, pp. 364–369 (April 2005)Segal, M.: Improving lifetime of wireless sensor networks. NPA Journal 1(2), 48–60 (2009)Garcia, M., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Lacuesta, R.: Saving Energy with Cooperative Group-Based Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Luo, Y. (ed.) CDVE 2010. LNCS, vol. 6240, pp. 73–76. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Tomás, J.: Improving Mobile and Ad-hoc Networks performance using Group-Based Topologies. In: Mini, A. (ed.) Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks II. IFIP, vol. 264, pp. 209–220. Springer, Boston (2008)Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Boronat, F., Tomás, J.: MANET Protocols Performance in Group-based Networks. In: Mammeri, Z. (ed.) Wireless and Mobile Networking. IFIP, vol. 284, pp. 161–172. Springer, Boston (2008)Gao, Z., Wang, L., Yang, M., Yang, X.: CNPGSDP: An efficient group-based service discovery protocol for MANETs. Computer Networks 50(16), 3165–3182 (2006)Thomas, M., Gupta, A., Keshav, S.: Group Based Routing in Disconnected Ad Hoc Networks. In: Robert, Y., Parashar, M., Badrinath, R., Prasanna, V.K. (eds.) HiPC 2006. LNCS, vol. 4297, pp. 399–410. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)Dimokas, N., Katsaros, D., Manolopoulos, Y.: Cooperative caching in wireless multimedia sensor networks. Mob. Netw. Appl. 13(3-4), 337–356 (2008)Dulman, S., Hoesel, L., Nieberg, T., Havinga, P.: Collaborative communication protocols for wireless sensor networks. In: European Research on Middleware and Architectures for Complex and Embedded Cooperative Systems, Pisa, Italy (April 2003)Garcia, M., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Canovas, A.: Saving energy and improving communications using cooperative group-based Wireless Sensor Networks. Telecom. Systems, doi:10.1007/s11235-011-9568-3Garcia, M., Lloret, J.: A Cooperative Group-Based Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring. In: Luo, Y. (ed.) CDVE 2009. LNCS, vol. 5738, pp. 276–279. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Tomás, J., Boronat, F.: GBP-WAHSN: A Group-Based Protocol for Large Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. JCST 23(3), 461–480 (2008)Matlab Software, http://www.mathworks.com/ (last accessed April 24, 2012)Waspmote, http://www.libelium.com/products/waspmote (last accessed April 24, 2012

Performance analysis of weather s impact on outdoor IEEE 802.11b/g links using network management parameters

Some previous works concluded that weather conditions impact on the performance of outdoor IEEE 802.11b/g links. They show high correlation coefficients between the number of control frame errors and the weather conditions. However, these previous studies do not consider grouping weather conditions into ranges and it would provide very valuable information in this issue. Knowing the weather conditions ranges where the weathers' impact is really significant would be very useful for future outdoor networks. Thus, we have carried out a deep study on an experimental IEEE 802.11b/g setup in order to extract real conclusions. It is composed of two outdoor radio links of different lengths transmitting traffic continuously. Results show that in spite of covering a lower distance, the short distance link is more susceptible to the weather conditions. It is due to the modulation scheme used in that case. Moreover, they show different correlation coefficients depending on the groupings of weather conditions.This work has been supported by the "Vicerectorat d'investigacio" through the "Programa para la Formacion de Personal Investigador" of the UPV (FPI-UPV). The authors would like to thank the Information and Communications Systems Office (ASIC), Borja Opticos Enterprise and Azimut Electronics Company for their collaboration and support.Bri Molinero, D.; García Pineda, M.; Lloret, J.; Ramos Pascual, F. (2016). Performance analysis of weather s impact on outdoor IEEE 802.11b/g links using network management parameters. 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