High and Low Salt Intake during Pregnancy: Impact on Cardiac and Renal Structure in Newborns.

INTRODUCTION:Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that dietary salt overload and salt restriction during pregnancy were associated with cardiac and renal structural and/or functional alterations in adult offspring. The present study evaluated renal and cardiac structure and the local renin-angiotensin system in newborns from dams fed high-, normal- or low-salt diets during pregnancy. METHODS:Female Wistar rats were fed low- (LS, 0.15% NaCl), normal- (NS, 1.3% NaCl) or high- (HS, 8% NaCl) salt diets during pregnancy. Kidneys and hearts were collected from newborns (n = 6-8/group) during the first 24 hours after birth to evaluate possible changes in structure using stereology. Protein expression of renin-angiotensin system components was evaluated using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS:No differences between groups were observed in total renal volume, volume of renal compartments or number of glomeruli. The transverse diameter of the nuclei of cardiomyocytes was greater in HS than NS males in the left and right ventricles. Protein expression of the AT1 receptor was lower in the kidneys of the LS than in those of the NS and HS males but not females. Protein expression of the AT2 receptor was lower in the kidneys of the LS males and females than in those of the NS males and females. CONCLUSION:High salt intake during pregnancy induced left and right ventricular hypertrophy in male newborns. Salt restriction during pregnancy reduced the expression of renal angiotensin II receptors in newborns

Volumes of whole kidneys and compartments in newborns.

<p>Volumes of whole kidneys and compartments in newborns.</p

Heart and compartment volumes in the newborn offspring from dams fed a low- (LS), normal- (NS) or high-salt (HS) diet during pregnancy.

<p>Heart and compartment volumes in the newborn offspring from dams fed a low- (LS), normal- (NS) or high-salt (HS) diet during pregnancy.</p

Protein expression in the kidney and heart of newborn offspring.

<p>(A) AT₁ in male kidneys; (B) AT₂ in male kidneys; (C) AT₁ in male heart; (D) AT₂ in male heart; (E) AT₁ in female kidneys; (F) AT₂ in female kidneys; (G) AT₁ in female heart; (H) AT₂ in female heart. n = 8 per group. Data are presented as the means±SEM. *P<0.05 vs. NS; ^# P<0.05 vs. HS.</p

Effect of low-, normal- and high-salt diet during pregnancy on mothers and offspring.

<p>Effect of low-, normal- and high-salt diet during pregnancy on mothers and offspring.</p

Cardiomyocyte nuclear diameter in neonatal offspring.

<p>(A) Left ventricle nuclear diameter (μm) in males. (B) Right ventricle nuclear diameter (μm) in males. (D) Left ventricle nuclear diameter (μm) in females. (E) Right ventricle nuclear diameter (μm) in females. (C) Male cardiac tissue sections stained with HE at low (20 X) and high (400 X) magnification. LS = Newborns of mothers fed a low-salt diet, NS = normal-salt diet, HS = high-salt diet during gestation (n = 5–6/ group). Data are reported as the means±SEM. *P<0.05 vs. NS.</p