Искусственные языки Толкина и языковая картина мира

На основе анализа существующей литературы и исследований в данной статье рассматриваются отдельные лексические системы искусственных языков вторичной художественной реальности (на примере произведений Дж. Р. Р. Толкина). Создав псевдоисторическую среду, в которой существовали вымышленные народы, Дж. Р. Р. Толкин наделил каждого из них своим собственным языком и культурой, что выделяет его вымышленные языки из ряда искусственно-созданных, не имеющих индивидуальной национальной окрашенности, и приближает их к естественным языкам. Based on the analysis of the existing literature and research results, this graduation thesis considers specific lexical systems of artificially-invented languages in secondary artistic reality (as exemplified by John R. R. Tolkien's works). Having established а pseudo-historical environment where the imaginary nations could exist, John R. R Tolkien provided every nation with its own language and culture. This is a specific feature that distinguishes his languages from the variety of artificially-invented ones that do not possess individual national connotation and makes them similar to natural languages

Improved Functional Survival of Human Islets of Langerhans in Three-Dimensional Matrix Culture

The current study evaluates functional survival of human islets maintained in tissue culture for up to 4 wk in suspension media (CMRL-1066 with supplements) and contrasts these results with immobilizing three-dimensional matrices (agarose or alginate). The absolute number and volume of islets retrieved from agarose is significantly higher after two and four wk of culture compared to conventional free-floating media. In vitro function of islets, assessed by insulin/DNA content, insulin secretion into the culture media over 24 h and glucose-theophylline stimulated insulin release in a dynamic perifusion system, was not significantly different between free-floating and matrix preserved islets. In vivo islet function was evaluated by the effectiveness for reversal of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by transplantation of the islets under the kidney capsule of nude mice. Although adequate insulin responses to glucose were seen after culture in conventional or matrix media, only agarose embedded islets were consistently able to induce normoglycemia in diabetic recipients after 14 days of culture. Additional transplantation experiments defined the threshold level required to reverse diabetes to be between 1,000 and 1,500 agarose preserved islets. Our data suggest improved engraftment of human islets after agarose culture. This culture method may be of benefit for the accumulation of functionally competent human islets, thus facilitating the implementation of clinical protocols that utilize freshly isolated islets from multiple donors without the need for cryopreservation. </jats:p

A Minimally Invasive Technique for Intrathymic Cell Transplantation in the Dog

As an alternative to drug immunosuppression, attempts at inducing donor-specific tolerance by intrathymic (IT) inoculations to transplant recipient of donor origin alloantigenic products has proven very promising. Using fiber optic thoracoscopy, a technique for the study of this phenomena was developed for the dog. We show an approach to the dog thymus using fiber optics for injection of bone marrow (BM) cells as the tolerogen. Bone marrow was retrieved from the donor beagles and purified using an automated Ficoll-Paque gradient technique. The purified cellular suspension was injected into the thymus through a small intercostal incision with the use of an injection needle port guided by the use of a rigid fiberoptic scope. To demonstrate engraftment, supravital staining with Fluorescein Diacetate of the BM cells was performed prior to inoculation. Immunofluorescence of cryostat sections obtained at necropsy confirmed the presence of viable BM cells up to several days after transplantation. Results of this study show that the thoracoscopic approach to the thymus can be safely and effectively used for IT inoculation studies in dogs. </jats:p