Bridging the gap between a stationary point process and its Palm distribution

In the context of stationary point processes measurements are usually made from a time point chosen at random or from an occurrence chosen at random. That is, either the stationary distribution P or its Palm distribution P° is the ruling probability measure. In this paper an approach is presented to bridge the gap between these distributions. We consider probability measures which give exactly the same events zero probability as P°, having simple relations with P. Relations between P and P° are derived with these intermediate measures as bridges. With the resulting Radon-Nikodym densities several well-known results can be proved easily. New results are derived. As a corollary of cross ergodic theorems a conditional version of the well-known inversion formula is proved. Several approximations of P° are considered, for instance the local characterization of Po as a limit of conditional probability measures P° N The total variation distance between P° and P1 can be expressed in terms of the P-distribution function of the forward recurrence time

Highly productive manufacturing of CIS based large area modules

ABSTRACT Three independent European CIS manufacturers of different countries, a big player in glass coating industry, three universities and three research institutes work together in the EU project LARCIS in order to advance CIS manufacturing at high yields on glass substrates. The two main approaches for the realisation of enhanced module efficiencies at reduced costs are inline co evaporation of Cu In,Ga Se2 and electrodeposition of the CuInSe2 CIS precursor. Alternative back contacts such as ZrN and TiN with high optical reflection have been tested and molybdenum layers with enhanced conductivity for homogeneous electrodeposition on 30 x 30 cm2 have been DC sputtered. A chemical bath deposited Cd free ZnS based buffer has been applied on both CIS types resulting in high photocurrents and efficiencies which are at least as high as reference cells with CdS buffers. In parallel, an In2S3 buffer has been evaporated ex situ from powder with a certified maximum efficiency of 14.16 . Solar cells of up to 17.8 efficiency certified, with ARC were fabricated by using co evaporated multi stage CIGS from an inline reactor. CuIn Se,S 2 was electrodeposited homogeneously on substrate areas of 30 x 30 cm2. The mean efficiency of test cells distributed on this area was lt;8 gt;