An Empirical Look at the Controversy Surrounding the Nobel Prize for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Disputes between researchers over who deserves credit for technological breakthroughs are not unusual. Few such disputes, however, have attracted as much attention as the arguments surrounding the award of the 2003 Nobel Prize for Medicine. This prize was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield to honor “discoveries concerning the development of magnetic resonance imaging” – i.e. MRI. Soon after the award, another scientist, Raymond Damadian, took out full-page advertisements in national newspapers, decrying the award and stating that he should have been included alongside Lauterbur and Mansfield. This technical report examines Damadian’s claim from a strictly empirical perspective, by analyzing the impact of Damadian, Lauterbur, Mansfield and others on the development of MRI technology. Impact is measured via citations to their work from subsequent MRI-related patents and scientific papers. The report finds that all three scientists have had a strong impact on the development of MRI, and their early influence in this technology exceeds that of any other scientist. Damadian’s impact on MRI patents and papers was greater than that of Lauterbur and Mansfield in the initial, innovative phase of MRI technology; while Mansfield and Lauterbur (especially the former) became more influential in the growth and maturing phases. Given that the Nobel Prize can be awarded to up to three recipients, and is supposed to reward initial discoveries rather than improvements, it thus appears that, from an empirical perspective, the ‘natural’ solution would have been for all three scientists to share the award. Damadian may thus have been short-changed by the Nobel committee in its decision to omit him from the 2003 Nobel Prize for Medicine

Multiscale strain analysis

The mathematical homogenization and corrector theory relevant to prestressed heterogeneous materials in the linear-elastic regime is discussed. A suitable corrector theory is derived to reconstruct the local strain field inside the composite. Based on this theory, we develop an inexpensive numerical method for multi scale strain analysis within a prestressed heterogeneous material. The theory also provides a characterization of the macroscopic strength domain. The strength domain places constraints on the homogenized strain field which guarantee that the actual strain in the heterogeneous material lies inside the strength domain of each material participating in the structure