Dynamic Freeze-In: Impact of Thermal Masses and Cosmological Phase Transitions on Dark Matter Production

The cosmological abundance of dark matter can be significantly influenced by the temperature dependence of particle masses and vacuum expectation values. We illustrate this point in three simple freeze-in models. The first one, which we call kinematically induced freeze-in, is based on the observation that the effective mass of a scalar temporarily becomes very small as the scalar potential undergoes a second order phase transition. This opens dark matter production channels that are otherwise forbidden. The second model we consider, dubbed vev-induced freeze-in, is a fermionic Higgs portal scenario. Its scalar sector is augmented compared to the Standard Model by an additional scalar singlet, $S$, which couples to dark matter and temporarily acquires a vacuum expectation value (a two-step phase transition or `vev flip-flop'). While $\langle S \rangle \neq 0$, the modified coupling structure in the scalar sector implies that dark matter production is significantly enhanced compared to the $\langle S \rangle = 0$ phases realised at very early times and again today. The third model, which we call mixing-induced freeze-in, is similar in spirit, but here it is the mixing of dark sector fermions, induced by non-zero $\langle S \rangle$, that temporarily boosts the dark matter production rate. For all three scenarios, we carefully dissect the evolution of the dark sector in the early Universe. We compute the DM relic abundance as a function of the model parameters, emphasising the importance of thermal corrections and the proper treatment of phase transitions in the calculation.Comment: 26 pages, 11 figures, v2: matches journal version, change to the value of a benchmark coupling in section II, impact of thermal masses increase

Searching for physics beyond the Standard Model in an off-axis DUNE near detector

Next generation neutrino oscillation experiments like DUNE and T2HK are multi-purpose observatories, with a rich physics program beyond oscillation measurements. A special role is played by their near detector facilities, which are particularly well-suited to search for weakly coupled dark sector particles produced in the primary target. In this paper, we demonstrate this by estimating the sensitivity of the DUNE near detectors to the scattering of sub-GeV DM particles and to the decay of sub-GeV sterile neutrinos (“heavy neutral leptons”). We discuss in particular the importance of the DUNE-PRISM design, which allows some of the near detectors to be moved away from the beam axis. At such off-axis locations, the signal-to-background ratio improves for many new physics searches. We find that this leads to a dramatic boost in the sensitivity to boosted DM particles interacting mainly with hadrons, while for boosted DM interacting with leptons, data taken on-axis leads to marginally stronger exclusion limits. Searches for heavy neutral leptons perform equally well in both configurations

Dark, Cold, and Noisy: Constraining Secluded Hidden Sectors with Gravitational Waves

We explore gravitational wave signals arising from first-order phase transitions occurring in a secluded hidden sector, allowing for the possibility that the hidden sector may have a different temperature than the Standard Model sector. We present the sensitivity to such scenarios for both current and future gravitational wave detectors in a model-independent fashion. Since secluded hidden sectors are of particular interest for dark matter models at the MeV scale or below, we pay special attention to the reach of pulsar timing arrays. Cosmological constraints on light degrees of freedom restrict the number of sub-MeV particles in a hidden sector, as well as the hidden sector temperature. Nevertheless, we find that observable first-order phase transitions can occur. To illustrate our results, we consider two minimal benchmark models: a model with two gauge singlet scalars and a model with a spontaneously broken $U(1)$ gauge symmetry in the hidden sector.Comment: 37 pages, 12 figures. Noise and PLI sensitivity curves are included in the source director

What's the (Dark) Matter with Cosmological Bubbles?

Despite their tremendous successes, modern-day cosmology and particle physics harbor a variety of unresolved mysteries. Two of the biggest are the origin of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe and the existence and nature of dark matter. In the present thesis, the author addresses these topics in various ways. The first part of the thesis is concerned with cosmological first-order phase transitions that may have occurred shortly after the Big Bang. Such transitions proceed via the nucleation and expansion of true vacuum bubbles and give rise to a rich phenomenology. The author suggests a mechanism to simultaneously explain the baryon asymmetry and dark matter, based on the out-of-equilibrium dynamics at the boundary of a dark phase transition with large order parameter. The same class of phase transitions can, in the parameter regime of small dark matter Yukawa couplings, lead to the production of primordial black holes via the compression of the plasma in shrinking false vacuum regions, as the author demonstrates with a sophisticated numerical simulation. In a third project regarding cosmological phase transitions, the author investigates the possibility of sub-MeV hidden sectors that are decoupled from the remaining plasma and cold enough to be reconciled with cosmological constraints, but at the same time give rise to a detectable gravitational-wave spectrum produced during bubble collisions. In the second part of the thesis, the author assesses the prospects for new physics searches at the DUNE near detector, focusing on the DUNE-PRISM concept, which suggests consecutive measurements at different on- and off-axis positions. This setup achieves improved signal-to-background ratios and reduces systematic uncertainties.Comment: Doctoral dissertation, submitted to the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, April 28, 202

Improving AEB in winter conditions using road condition sensor

Autonomous braking systems are becoming more common in modern cars. Autonomous EmergencyBraking (AEB) can help a driver avoid collision by automatically applying the brakes and stop thevehicle before an accident occurs. This can help save lives and reduce the risk of injuries in traffic.Previous work shows that AEB only works well on asphalt. On more slippery surfaces like snow theAEB has a hard time preventing a collision. This report will process the possibility to make an AEB thatwill reduce the risk of collision and injuries by adapting the braking distance for different surfaces. Aroad condition sensor was used to determine the different surfaces and the estimate of the tire toroad friction. This is an optical sensor that is used to categorize surfaces such as dry/wet asphalt,snow, and ice. In order to achieve good repeatability an SR60 Orbit steering robot combined with aCBAR 500 pedal robot was used. For comparison to the car’s AEB a GVT (Global Vehicle Target) wasused as a target.The results from the test show that a surface adapted AEB can make a difference. The adapted AEBstarted braking earlier than the car’s AEB and prevented collisions on snow, whilst the regular AEB had collisions with the GVT on snow

Improving AEB in winter conditions using road condition sensor

Autonomous braking systems are becoming more common in modern cars. Autonomous EmergencyBraking (AEB) can help a driver avoid collision by automatically applying the brakes and stop thevehicle before an accident occurs. This can help save lives and reduce the risk of injuries in traffic.Previous work shows that AEB only works well on asphalt. On more slippery surfaces like snow theAEB has a hard time preventing a collision. This report will process the possibility to make an AEB thatwill reduce the risk of collision and injuries by adapting the braking distance for different surfaces. Aroad condition sensor was used to determine the different surfaces and the estimate of the tire toroad friction. This is an optical sensor that is used to categorize surfaces such as dry/wet asphalt,snow, and ice. In order to achieve good repeatability an SR60 Orbit steering robot combined with aCBAR 500 pedal robot was used. For comparison to the car’s AEB a GVT (Global Vehicle Target) wasused as a target.The results from the test show that a surface adapted AEB can make a difference. The adapted AEBstarted braking earlier than the car’s AEB and prevented collisions on snow, whilst the regular AEB had collisions with the GVT on snow

Detailed Calculation of Primordial Black Hole Formation During First-Order Cosmological Phase Transitions

We recently presented a new mechanism for primordial black hole formation during a first-order phase transition in the early Universe, which relies on the build-up of particles which are predominantly reflected from the advancing bubble wall. In this companion paper we provide details of the supporting numerical calculations. After describing the general mechanism, we discuss the criteria that need to be satisfied for a black hole to form. We then set out the Boltzmann equation that describes the evolution of the relevant phase space distribution function, carefully describing our treatment of the Liouville operator and the collision term. Finally, we show that black holes will form for a wide range of parameters

Primordial Black Holes from First-Order Cosmological Phase Transitions

We discuss the possibility of forming primordial black holes during a first-order phase transition in the early Universe. As is well known, such a phase transition proceeds through the formation of true-vacuum bubbles in a Universe that is still in a false vacuum. When there is a particle species whose mass increases significantly during the phase transition, transmission of the corresponding particles through the advancing bubble walls is suppressed. Consequently, an overdensity can build up in front of the walls and become sufficiently large to trigger primordial black hole formation. We track this process quantitatively by solving a Boltzmann equation, and we determine the resulting black hole density and mass distribution as a function of model parameters

Filtered Baryogenesis

We propose a new mechanism to simultaneously explain the observed dark matter abundance and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. The mechanism is based on the Filtered Dark Matter scenario, where dark matter particles acquire a large mass during a first-order phase transition. This implies that only a small fraction of them are energetic enough to enter the advancing true vacuum bubbles and survive until today, while the rest are reflected and annihilate away quickly. We supplement this scenario with a CP-violating interaction, which creates a chiral asymmetry in the population of dark matter particles. In the false vacuum phase, a portal interaction quickly converts the dark sector chiral asymmetry into a Standard Model lepton asymmetry. The lepton asymmetry is then partially converted to a baryon asymmetry by standard electroweak sphaleron processes. We discuss the dependence of the generated asymmetry on the parameters of the model for two different portal interactions and demonstrate successful baryogenesis for both. For one of the portals, it is also possible to simultaneously explain the observed dark matter abundance, over many orders of magnitude in the dark matter mass.We propose a new mechanism to simultaneously explain the observed dark matter abundance and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. The mechanism is based on the Filtered Dark Matter scenario, where dark matter particles acquire a large mass during a first-order phase transition. This implies that only a small fraction of them are energetic enough to enter the advancing true vacuum bubbles and survive until today, while the rest are reflected and annihilate away quickly. We supplement this scenario with a CP-violating interaction, which creates a chiral asymmetry in the population of dark matter particles. In the false vacuum phase, a portal interaction quickly converts the dark sector chiral asymmetry into a Standard Model lepton asymmetry. The lepton asymmetry is then partially converted to a baryon asymmetry by standard electroweak sphaleron processes. We discuss the dependence of the generated asymmetry on the parameters of the model for two different portal interactions and demonstrate successful baryogenesis for both. For one of the portals, it is also possible to simultaneously explain the observed dark matter abundance, over many orders of magnitude in the dark matter mass