Picosecond imaging of sprays

Preliminary results from applying a Kerr-Fourier imaging system to a water/air spray produced by a shear coaxial element are presented. The physics behind ultrafast time-gated optical techniques is discussed briefly. A typical setup of a Kerr-Fourier time gating system is presented

Mission analysis of photovoltaic solar energy conversion. Volume IV. Supplementary studies

A discussion is presented of the most significant problems associated with the production and deployment of photovoltaic arrays. The principal chemical compounds to be used in the manufacture of silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium sulfide photovoltaic arrays are discussed with respect to physical and chemical properties, sources of the raw materials required to extract or synthesize these materials, the methods of manufacture, storage and handling in large quantities, transportation restrictions, spills, leaks, ignition and explosion. A discussion of safety hazards associated with the finished products is followed by an analysis of the toxicological properties of all raw, refined, and finished chemical species involved. The principal tool used in the evaluation of incentive strategies was a new Public Utility Financial Analysis and Planning Model which is described in some detail. After adaptation to match the characteristics of photovoltaic plants, it was used in the comparative evaluation of six different incentive strategies. The candidate strategies, the rationale for their selection, and the results of the comparative evaluation are presented. An account is given of an attempt to assess the full non-internalized costs of coal-fired power generation. A detailed description is given of the various damage elements and their associated societal costs for coal production, coal transportation, and coal-fired power generation. (MHR

Graphene Growth Using a Solid Carbon Feedstock and Hydrogen

Graphene has been grown on Cu at elevated temperatures with different carbon sources (gaseous hydrocarbons and solids such as polymers); however the detailed chemistry occurring at the Cu surface is not yet known. Here, we explored the possibility of obtaining graphene using amorphous-carbon thin films, without and with hydrogen gas added. Graphene is formed only In the presence of H-2(g), which strongly suggests that gaseous hydrocarbons and/or their Intermediates are what yield graphene on Cu through the reaction of H-2(g) and the amorphous carbon. The large area, uniform monolayer graphene obtained had electron and hole mobilities of 2520 and 2050 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), respectively