Sublexical and syntactic processing during reading:evidence from eye movements of typically developing and dyslexic readers.

Skilled, typically developing readers and children with dyslexia read correct sentences and sentences that contained verb errors that were pseudo-homophones, morphological over-regularisations or syntactic errors. All errors increased looking time but the nature of the error and participant group influenced the time course of the effects. The pseudo-homophone effect was significant in all eye-movement measures for adults (N = 26), intermediate (N = 37) and novice typically developing readers (N = 38). This effect was larger for intermediate readers than other groups in total duration. In contrast, morphological over-regularisations increased gaze and total duration (but not first fixation) for intermediate and novice readers, and only total duration for adult readers. Syntactic errors only increased total duration. Children with dyslexia (N = 19) demonstrated smaller effects of pseudo-homophones and over-regularisations than controls, but their processing of syntactic errors was similar. We conclude that dyslexic children's difficulties with reading are linked to overreliance on phonological decoding and underspecified morphological processing, which impacts on word level reading. We highlight that the findings fit well within the grain-size model of word readin

Early identification of dyslexia: Understanding the issues

Purpose: The purpose of this tutorial is to provide an overview of the benefits and challenges associated with the early identification of dyslexia. Method: The literature on the early identification of dyslexia is reviewed. Theoretical arguments and research evidence are summarized. An overview of response to intervention as a method of early identification is provided, and the benefits and challenges associated with it are discussed. Finally, the role of speech-language pathologists in the early identification process is addressed. Conclusions: Early identification of dyslexia is crucial to ensure that children are able to maximize their educational potential, and speech-language pathologists are well placed to play a role in this process. However, early identification alone is not sufficient—difficulties with reading may persist or become apparent later in schooling. Therefore, continuing progress monitoring and access to suitable intervention programs are essential

Repeated, Delayed Torque Variations Following X-Ray Flux Enhancements in the Magnetar 1E 1048.1-5937

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Effects of orthographic, morphological and semantic overlap on short-term memory for words in typical and atypical development

Little is known about implicit morphological processing in typical and atypical readers. These studies investigate this using a probe detection task with lures sharing morphological, orthographic or semantic overlap with the probe. Intermediate and advanced readers (reading ages 9;1-12;9) perform more poorly when there is more linguistic overlap. Novice readers (reading ages 5;7-8;0) were influenced only by orthographic overlap and not by semantics, indicating that use of orthographic processes typically precedes integration of semantic and morphological skills. Children with Otitis Media (repeated ear infections) had phonological awareness difficulties but performed age appropriately on the probe detection task indicating that morphological processing is not constrained by phonology. In contrast, dyslexic children’s performance reflected a failure to remember distinctions between words sharing root morphemes. Dyslexic children are sensitive to morphology but may over rely on root morphemes. This pattern differed from reading-ability matched children and children with circumscribed phonological difficulties. Publisher statement: This research was funded by a Nuffield Foundation Grant for Research and Innovation (reference EDU/40250). This project was funded by the Nuffield Foundation but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC© 2016 Helen L. Breadmore and Julia M. Carrol

An investigation into the sample preparation procedure and analysis of cyanoacrylate adhesives using capillary electrophoresis

In this study, the trace acid profile of cyanoacrylate adhesives was studied using capillary electrophoresis. Liquid–liquid extraction was employed as the sample preparation step before separation by capillary electrophoresis. The solubility of the adhesives was investigated using various organic solvents, e.g. hexane and dichloromethane, and chloroform was determined to be the optimum solvent as it enabled the full dissolution of the adhesive. A comprehensive stability study was performed over a 3-year period and results indicate that the adhesives were stable for 2 years after which their stability and performance degraded