Alternativni uređaji za intubaciju

The Macintosh laryngoscope has been the most widely used device for intubation since its invention by Foregger in the 1940s. Recently, video and optic laryngoscopy assisted tracheal intubation has been used widely in patients with difficult airways. Their routine use, however, is not widely practiced. This review will summarize some of the newly available devices to assist tracheal intubation, with their advantages and disadvantages when compared with conventional laryngoscopes. It also presents the reasons to support their use in both elective and emergency airway management.Macintoshov laringoskop je najčešće korišteni uređaj za intubaciju koji je prvi puta primijenio Foregger 1940. godine. Kasnije su uvedeni video i optički laringoskopi koji pomažu pri intubaciji u bolesnika s otežanim dišnim putem. Međutim, njihova rutinska uporaba nije široko prihvaćena u praksi. U ovom članku se sažeto iznose prednosti i nedostaci novih dostupnih uređaja koji pomažu tijekom intubacije u usporedbi s konvencionalnim laringoskopima. Dodatno se iznose razlozi za uporabu novih uređaja kod elektivnog i hitnog zbrinjavanja dišnoga puta

Otežani dišni put kod uznapredovale Behterevljeve bolesti: prikaz slučaja

Advanced Bechterew’s disease presents with increasing ossification of spinal column, from lower lumbar segments upwards, first causing impossibility to place spinal block in lumbar region, and later, due to stiffness of cervical spine, difficult intubation because of inability to extend and/or flex the neck during direct laryngoscopy and intubation. Mask ventilation, on the other hand, usually is possible. We report a case of a 77-year-old man scheduled for elective hernioplasty, with recently advanced Bechterew’s disease. According to the recently accepted Mainz algorithm, we first intended to perform awake intubation through the nose by fiber bronchoscope. The bronchoscope passed easily down to tracheal bifurcation, but placing the endotracheal tube was unexpectedly impossible due to the consequences of broken nose the patient had suffered at the age of 8. Fiber bronchoscope was therefore retracted, and we used the Bonfils rigid fiberscope after induction of general anesthesia, achieving intubation in first attempt.Značajke uznapredovale Behterevljeve bolesti (ankilozirajući spondilits) su sve veća osifikacija kralježnice od donjih, lumbalnih dijelova prema višim, cervikalnim što uzrokuje prvo nemogućnost izvođenja spinalnog bloka u lumbalnoj regiji, a kasnije, zbog ukočenosti vratnog dijela kralježnice, otežanu intubaciju zbog nemogućnosti ekstenzije i/ili fleksije vrata u tijeku direktne laringoskopije i intubacije. S druge strane, ventilacija na masku je obično izvediva. Ovdje prikazujemo 77-godišnjeg bolesnika koji je bio predviđen za elektivnu operaciju ingvinalne hernije, a čiji je ankilozirajući spondilitis u posljednje vrijeme jako uznapredovao. U skladu s nedavno prihvaćenim “Mainz algoritmom” najprije smo pokušali intubirati fleksibilnim fiberbronhoskopom na budnom bolesniku. Bronhoskop je lako prošao sve do bifurkacije traheje, ali je neočekivano postavljanje endotrahealnog tubusa zapelo na preuskoj nosnici zbog prijeloma nosa koji je bolesnik zadobio u dobi od 8 godina. Zato smo izvukli fiberbronhoskop i nakon indukcije opće anestezije uspjeli intubirati u prvom pokušaju rigidnim fiberskopom po Bonfilsu

Otežani dišni put kod uznapredovale Behterevljeve bolesti: prikaz slučaja

Advanced Bechterew’s disease presents with increasing ossification of spinal column, from lower lumbar segments upwards, first causing impossibility to place spinal block in lumbar region, and later, due to stiffness of cervical spine, difficult intubation because of inability to extend and/or flex the neck during direct laryngoscopy and intubation. Mask ventilation, on the other hand, usually is possible. We report a case of a 77-year-old man scheduled for elective hernioplasty, with recently advanced Bechterew’s disease. According to the recently accepted Mainz algorithm, we first intended to perform awake intubation through the nose by fiber bronchoscope. The bronchoscope passed easily down to tracheal bifurcation, but placing the endotracheal tube was unexpectedly impossible due to the consequences of broken nose the patient had suffered at the age of 8. Fiber bronchoscope was therefore retracted, and we used the Bonfils rigid fiberscope after induction of general anesthesia, achieving intubation in first attempt.Značajke uznapredovale Behterevljeve bolesti (ankilozirajući spondilits) su sve veća osifikacija kralježnice od donjih, lumbalnih dijelova prema višim, cervikalnim što uzrokuje prvo nemogućnost izvođenja spinalnog bloka u lumbalnoj regiji, a kasnije, zbog ukočenosti vratnog dijela kralježnice, otežanu intubaciju zbog nemogućnosti ekstenzije i/ili fleksije vrata u tijeku direktne laringoskopije i intubacije. S druge strane, ventilacija na masku je obično izvediva. Ovdje prikazujemo 77-godišnjeg bolesnika koji je bio predviđen za elektivnu operaciju ingvinalne hernije, a čiji je ankilozirajući spondilitis u posljednje vrijeme jako uznapredovao. U skladu s nedavno prihvaćenim “Mainz algoritmom” najprije smo pokušali intubirati fleksibilnim fiberbronhoskopom na budnom bolesniku. Bronhoskop je lako prošao sve do bifurkacije traheje, ali je neočekivano postavljanje endotrahealnog tubusa zapelo na preuskoj nosnici zbog prijeloma nosa koji je bolesnik zadobio u dobi od 8 godina. Zato smo izvukli fiberbronhoskop i nakon indukcije opće anestezije uspjeli intubirati u prvom pokušaju rigidnim fiberskopom po Bonfilsu

Izazovi u uporabi video laringoskopa

Despite the lack of uniformity and the need of further investigation, video laryngoscopy continues to gain popularity both inside and outside the operating room. It has quickly become a first line strategy for potential and/or encountered difficult intubation. It is well established that video laryngoscope improves laryngeal view as compared with direct laryngoscopy in patients with suspected difficult intubation and simulated difficult airway scenarios. For novices and experienced anesthesiologists alike, video laryngoscopy is easy to use and the skills involved are easy to master. However, it is important to say that video laryngoscopes may be used in a variety of clinical scenarios and settings because of the video laryngoscope design offering an alternative intubation technique in both anaesthetized and awake patients. The aim of this article is to show and highlight clinical situations in which the use of video laryngoscope is a challenge for an experienced anesthesiologist in solving the airway. Challenges in the use of video laryngoscope with which we deal and encounter in everyday clinical practice that are discussed in this paper are intubation in the prehospital setting and emergency departments, intubation in Intensive Care Unit, intubation in a patient with cervical spine immobilization, and awake video laryngoscopy-assisted tracheal intubation in the obese. We also point out the important role of video laryngoscope as a tool for teaching and training in airway education. Training and education in difficult airway management is essential to improve patient safety at endotracheal intubation in emergency situation.Unatoč nedostatku ujednačenosti proizvoda na tržištu i potrebe za daljnjim istraživanjem, video laringoskopi i dalje su popularni unutar i izvan operacijske dvorane. Oni su postali prva linija u strategiji za potencijalne i/ili teške intubacije. Dobro je poznato da video laringoskopi poboljšavaju prikaz larinksa u usporedbi s direktnom laringoskopijom u bolesnika sa sumnjom na otežanu intubaciju i kod simuliranih teških pristupa dišnome putu. Za početnike i iskusne anesteziologe podjednako video laringoskop je jednostavan za korištenje, a vještine koje su potrebne za rad s njim su lako savladive. Osobitost video laringoskopa je da se može koristiti u različitim kliničkim situacijama s obzirom na to da su osmišljeni tako da nude alternativnu tehniku i u anesteziranih i kod budnih bolesnika. U ovom radu želimo ukazati na kliničke situacije u kojima korištenje video laringoskopa predstavlja izazov za iskusne anesteziologe u rješavanju otežanoga pristupa dišnome putu. Specifične indikacije za korištenje video laringoskopa u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi su: intubacija u pre-hospitalnim uvjetima i hitnim odijelima; intubacija u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja; intubacija bolesnika s imobiliziranom vratnom kralježnicom te budna intubacija u pretilih bolesnika. U radu također ističemo važnu ulogu laringoskopa u edukaciji prikaza i tehničkog savladavanja pristupa dišnome putu. Obuka i obrazovanje u zbrinjavanju otežanoga dišnog puta je nužna radi poboljšanja sigurnosti bolesnika u hitnim stanjima kod kojih je neophodna uspostava dišnoga puta

Zbrinjavanje otežanog dišnog puta kod politraumatiziranog bolesnika s teškim deformitetima kralježnice i prsnog koša te teškom kifoskoliozom : prikaz slučaja

Airway management in a polytraumatized patient with severe spinal and thoracic deformities demands detailed investigation of anatomical characteristics of the head, neck and airways, as well as thoracic configuration, before attempting endotracheal intubation. This enables the physician to predict a difficult airway and prepare for difficult airway management. We present a case of a 50-year-old polytraumatized patient with multiple congenital bone deformities associated with the syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta and severe kyphoscoliosis, unable of lying on his back due to gibbus, who was successfully intubated in first attempt using video laryngoscope and only mild sedation. In patients with such severe multiple deformities, the use of video laryngoscope or Bonfils rigid endoscope should be mandatory in order to ensure success of intubation in first attempt and to avoid the possible aspiration of gastric contents.Zbrinjavanje dišnog puta kod politraumatiziranog bolesnika s teškim deformitetima kralježnice i prsnog koša zahtijeva detaljan pregled anatomskih karakteristika glave, vrata i dišnih putova, kao i konfiguracije prsnog koša prije pokušaja endotrahealne intubacije. To omogućava liječniku da se pripremi za zbrinjavanje eventualnog otežanog dišnog puta. Prikazuje se slučaj 50-godišnjeg politraumatiziranog bolesnika s višestrukim prirođenim deformitetima kostiju povezanim sa sindromom osteogenesis imperfecta i teškom kifoskoliozom, nesposobnog da leži na leđima zbog velikog gibusa, koji je uspješno intubiran u prvom pokušaju uz upotrebu videolaringoskopa, samo uz blagu sedaciju. U slučaju zbrinjavanja bolesnika s višestrukim deformitetima videolaringoskop ili Bonfils rigidni endoskop bi se trebao redovno rabiti zbog sigurnosti intubacije u prvom pokušaju i izbjegavanja moguće aspiracije želučanog sadržaja

Evaluating the analgesic efficacy of two anesthetic techniques during arthroscopic knee surgery

Background and Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare unilateral spinal and local anesthesia with respect to intraoperative and postoperative pain control, safety and complications for knee arthroscopies in outpatients. Methods: We studied 70 ASA I or II patients scheduled for outpatient knee arthroscopic surgery. The patients were allocated into two groups to receive either local (LA group = 35) or unilateral spinal (SA group = 35) anesthesia during a year period. The unilateral SA group received hyperbaric bupivacaine 7.5 mg (1.5 mL). The LA group received portal injection (5 mL lidocaine 2% with adrenaline) and intra-articular injection into the knee (10 mL lidocaine 2% with adrenaline). The following parameters were assessed: perioperative pain (10 cm VAS: 0 = no pain, 10 = extreme pain), surgical operating conditions, patient satisfaction score (1=very satisfied, 4=very unsatisfied), postoperative analgesia, and time to discharge. Results: In the LA group, 94.3% (33/35) of patients experienced no pain throughout the procedure. Only two (5.7%) patients required conversion to general anesthesia. In the unilateral SA group, one patient required conversion to general anesthesia. The need for postoperative analgesics was higher in the unilateral SA group compared with the LA group (p<0.01). The mean postoperative stay was significantly shorter in the LA than the unilateral SA group (p<0.05). The rate of complications differed significantly between the LA and unilateral SA groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: LA provides good pain relief following arthroscopic knee surgery compared to conventional unilateral spinal anesthesia. Major LA advantages are hemodynamic stability, patient satisfaction and faster anesthetic recovery

Anesteziološki pristup kod akutne ozljede vratne kralježnice u trudnoći

The incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury is 11,000 per year, with 55% of the injuries occurring between the age of 16 and 33, 18% of these in women of reproductive age. Diagnostic and early spinal decompression along with maintaining the mean arterial pressure to improve spinal cord perfusion and a high progesterone level in pregnancy for its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect have the leading role in neurological recovery and clinical outcome. We present a case of a patient in the 17th week of pregnancy who sustained luxation fracture of the C5 and C6 vertebrae and tetraplegia as passenger in a road accident. The early operative treatment and appropriate anesthetic procedure resulted in good clinical outcome with complete neurological recovery.Učestalost traumatskih ozljeda kralježnice je 11.000 na godinu, a 55% ozljeda nastaje u dobi od 16 do 33 godine, od toga 18% u žena reproduktivne dobi. Radiološka dijagnostika, uz ranu kiruršku dekompresiju kralježnice s održavanjem srednjeg arterijskog tlaka za očuvanje perfuzije leđne moždine, uz progesteron kao neuroprotektivni i protuupalni faktor u akutnoj traumi leđne moždine, ima vodeće mjesto u neurološkom oporavku i dobrom kliničkom ishodu. Donosimo prikaz slučaja trudnice u 17. tjednu trudnoće koja je zadobila luksacijsku frakturu petog i šestog vratnog kralješka s razvojem tetraplegije, kod koje su rano operacijsko liječenje i odgovarajući anesteziološki postupak doveli do dobrog kliničkog ishoda

Successful Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa in Traumatic Liver Injury – A Case Report

The paper describe the use of rFVIIa in the management of massive bleeding in a patient with polytrauma involving liver injury. An 18-year-old girl with severe polytrauma sustained during a bus–car collision. She had multiple musculoskeletal injuries, severe concussion of the liver with amputation of the left liver lobe, disruption of the left hepatic vein from the inferior vena cava, and impaired hemostasis. Acute bleeding (>5 L) was not improved by conservative methods and a single dose of rFVIIa 90 g/kg was administered. Infusion of rFVIIa resulted in an immediate clinical effect with rapid improvements in blood laboratory measurements and coagulation parameters. rFVIIa should be considered as an adjunctive treatment for the control of hemorrhage in severely injured patients with uncontrolled bleeding and impaired hemostasis

Successful Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa in Traumatic Liver Injury – A Case Report

The paper describe the use of rFVIIa in the management of massive bleeding in a patient with polytrauma involving liver injury. An 18-year-old girl with severe polytrauma sustained during a bus–car collision. She had multiple musculoskeletal injuries, severe concussion of the liver with amputation of the left liver lobe, disruption of the left hepatic vein from the inferior vena cava, and impaired hemostasis. Acute bleeding (>5 L) was not improved by conservative methods and a single dose of rFVIIa 90 g/kg was administered. Infusion of rFVIIa resulted in an immediate clinical effect with rapid improvements in blood laboratory measurements and coagulation parameters. rFVIIa should be considered as an adjunctive treatment for the control of hemorrhage in severely injured patients with uncontrolled bleeding and impaired hemostasis

Strateški pristup ekstubaciji nakon otežane intubacije

Airway management relates to the period of tracheal intubation, maintenance of endotracheal tube in situ, and finally extubation. Problems related to difficult extubation still pose significant challenge for both anesthesiologists and intensivists. This article reviews current approach to extubation strategy following difficult intubation. Guidelines and algorithm may be helpful in order to ensure safe management of the patient during this delicate period of airway management.Osiguravanje dišnog puta odnosi se na razdoblje intubacije, održavanje endotrahealnog tubusa in situ i konačno na razdoblje ekstubacije. Problemi u vezi s otežanom ekstubacijom još uvijek predstavljaju značajan izazov za anesteziologe i intenziviste. Ovaj članak prikazuje suvremeni strateški pristup ekstubaciji nakon otežane intubacije. Smjernice i algoritmi mogu biti korisni za održavanje sigurnosti bolesnika u tom osjetljivom razdoblju osiguravanja dišnog puta