65 research outputs found

    La modélisation de la cognition dans l'élaboration d'un système expert

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    This thesis deals with the problem of cognition modelisation when elaborating a decision aiding expert system in the field of life-insurance. We intend to show that this modelisation can be seen as the design of a functional architecture based on the expert's concepts and reasonings. This architecture consists into a "programmable" circuit in which knowledge is organized in two complementary ways. On the first hand concepts are gathered into categories, which cover the various topics of insurance medecine. In each category, concepts are ordered into classes and classes instances and related to each other through subordination or conceptual dependency relations. On the second hand, the expert reasonings are represented by production rules and inference schemes, whose activation tries to simulate respectively the diagnostic and pronostic activities of the human expert. Therefore, the decision making process can be considered as an activation process of the circuit made up of the concepts categorization, the production rules and the inference schemes. The circuit activation is based on the constant search of the most relevant pieces of knowledge, and seeks to trigger inferences allowed for given logical, syntactical and semantical contents of the knowledge in the different places of the circuit. This particular knowledge with logical, syntactical and semantical contents at once, is called "cognitive operators". Finally, we sought to validate our model by comparing the expert system answers with those of three experts. It appeared that the decisions made by the expert system and the explanation given are considered globally acceptable by the human expertsCette thèse porte sur la modélisation de la cognition lors de l'élaboration d'un système expert d'aide à la décision dans le domaine de l'assurance-vie. La modélisation de la cognition y est vue comme la conception d'une architecture fonctionnelle des concepts et raisonnements de l'expert. Cette dernière consiste en un circuit "programmable" dans lequel les connaissances sont organisées de deux façons complémentaires. D'une part, les concepts sont groupes en catégories. Dans les catégories, qui recouvrent les thèmes de la médecine d'assurance, les concepts sont ranges en classes et en instances de classes. Des relations de subordination et de dépendances conceptuelles précisent les liens que les concepts entretiennent entre eux. D'autre part, les raisonnements sont représentés sous la forme de règles de production et de schémas d'inférences, dont l'activation s'attache a simuler respectivement les activités de diagnostic et de pronostic de l'expert humain. Dans ce cadre, la prise de décision est envisagée comme un processus d'activation du circuit compose par la catégorisation des concepts, les règles de production et les schémas d'inférences. L'activation repose sur la recherche constante des connaissances les plus pertinentes, et s'attache à déclencher des inférences autorisables dans le circuit à partir des formes logiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques que peuvent prendre les connaissances. Ces connaissances particulières ayant des contenus logiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques sont désignées par le terme "d'opérateur cognitif". Enfin, nous avons cherché à valider le modèle de cognition par un test en double aveugle confrontant les avis de trois experts avec les décisions du système expert. Il en ressort que le système expert fournit des décisions et des justifications qui sont jugées globalement acceptables par les experts humain

    Set of guidelines for persuasive interfaces: organization and validation of the criteria

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    International audienceThis study presents an attempt to organize and validate a set of guidelines to assess the persuasive characteristics of interfaces (web, software, etc.). Persuasive aspects of interfaces are a fast growing topic of interest; numerous website and application designers have understood the importance of using interfaces to persuade and even to change users’ attitudes and behaviors. However, research has so far been limited by a lack of available tools to measure interface persuasion. This paper provides a criteria-based approach to identify and assess the persuasive power of interfaces.We selected164 publications in the field of persuasive technology, and we used those publications to define eight criteria: credibility, privacy, personalization, attractiveness, solicitation, priming, commitment, and ascendency. Thirty experts in human-computer interaction (HCI) were asked to use guidelines to identify and classify persuasive elements of 15 interfaces. The average percentage of correct identification was 78.8%, with Randolph’s kappa coefficient = 0.61. These results confirm that the criteria for interactive persuasion, in their current form, can be considered as valid, reliable, and usable. This paper provides some inherent limitations of this method and identifies potential refinements of some definitions. Finally, this paper demonstrates how a checklist can be used to inspect the persuasiveness of interfaces

    Elaboration et mise en oeuvre d'une démarche d'intervention systématique pour les PME (construction théorique et application pratique dans cinq entreprises)

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    Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches réalisées sur l'intervention organisationnelle, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine du bien-être dans les PME. À partir d'une critique sur les interventions en bien-être au travail fondées sur un diagnostic quantitatif, nous proposons une démarche d'intervention systémique qui vise à transformer les situations de travail plutôt qu'à diagnostiquer leurs dysfonctionnements. Cette démarche a été construite à partir des travaux théoriques menés en systémique. Elle a ensuite fait l'objet d'un guide dédié aux intervenants et a été mise en pratique dans cinq PME. Cette finalité pratique s'est doublée d'une volonté de compréhension des processus de changement induits par la démarche. Pour ce faire, cinq interventions ont été menées dans des contextes d'activité variés : secteurs public et privé, activités de service,commerciales et médico-sociales. Les cas ont été suivis d'une démarche d'évaluation, axée sur les représentations, par rapport au changement, des acteurs impliqués. En termes destratégie de recherche, l'étude de cas multiples est apparue comme la plus adaptée pour approfondir notre connaissance des processus de changement ; les résultats issus des premiers cas ont été considérés comme provisoires et nécessitant d'être confrontés à d'autres, dans unelogique itérative. En parallèle, cette stratégie a permis de procéder à un enrichissement continu de la démarche d'intervention proposée. Quatre des cinq entreprises ont mis en oeuvre des transformations des situations de travail. Dans les deux entreprises dites entrepreneuriales , les changements ont été instaurés avant ou à l'occasion du départ des intervenants. En revanche, dans les structures réglementaires , il a fallu au minimum cinq mois pour voir apparaître les premières améliorations de l'environnement de travail. Cette temporalité accélérée dans les structures entrepreneuriales s'explique principalement par la stratégie de participation mobilisée : les changements étaient instaurés à l'initiative spontanée des équipes et de l'encadrement, ce qui n'était pas le cas dans les structures réglementaires, où nous avons été confrontés à des freinages décisionnels. Ces résultats permettent de mieux orienter l'action des intervenants en santé au travail, en fonction des milieux dans lesquels ils interviennent. Ils mettent également en avant les intérêts de la démarche d'intervention proposée, ainsi que les futures améliorations à apporterThis thesis is part of the research on organizational intervention, and more specifically on employee wellbeing in small and medium-sized companies. Starting from a criticism of wellbeing at work interventions based on a quantitative diagnosis, we put forward a systemic intervention method aiming to transform work situations rather than simply diagnose their malfunctions. This method was built from theoretical work based on systems thinking, and was then used as a guide for consultants implemented in five small and medium-sized companies. The purpose was not only practical, as we strived to understand the change processes associated with such a method. We carried out five interventions in various sectors: private or public, service, commercial or medico-social. Each case was then followed by interviews focused on the change representations of the involved parties. In terms of research strategy, a multiple case-study approach seemed best suited to further our knowledge of change processes; the results of the first few cases were deemed temporary and needed checking against other cases, with an iterative logic. This strategy allowed us to further enrich the proposed intervention method in parallel.Four of the five companies involved then initiated changes of work situations. In "entrepreneurial" companies, the changes were implemented before or upon our departure. In "bureaucratic" companies, it took at least five months to see the first improvements of the work environment. The accelerated temporality in entrepreneurial companies is due to the mobilized participation strategy: the changes were implemented at the spontaneous initiative of both the staff and management. This wasn't the case in the bureaucratic companies where we faced slow decision making processes. Those results allow us to better direct theoccupational health practitioners in taking whatever steps they deem necessary, according to the environments in which they operate. The results also emphasize the benefits of the proposed intervention method, and further improvements where necessaryMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocNANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocNANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocNANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Persuasion technologique et activité

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    National audienc

    The ergonomics of shareable things: from a synthesis of historical sharing activities to a set of criteria for physical sharing experiences

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    La version acceptée de l'article est disponible à cette adresse > https://clemergo.github.io/shareable_things.pdfInternational audienceSharing is a complex system of resource allocation at the crossroad of developing businesses (e.g., the ‘sharing economy’) and promising societal and environmental impacts. Yet, it is suffering from adoption problems (e.g., vandalism, unwarranted privatisation, reluctance) that call for more ergonomics research. In order to contribute to research on sharing within human factors and ergonomics, the evolution of sharing is synthesised to highlight its roots, developments and societal outcomes. A subset of sharing activities, sharing physical objects, is identified. In order to provide common ground to researchers and practitioners it is defined as ‘a cooperative and distributive behavior where a user does not have exclusive interactions with a material resource which is, then, enjoyed in common’. A lack of research on shared physical objects within human factors and ergonomics is identified. Finally, seven shareability criteria (Governance, Utility, Balanced appropriation, Cooperativity, Durability, Decontamination, Onboarding/Support) are proposed in order to support practitioners when designing experiences that include sharing physical things

    How design the future hydrogen users' needs? A contribution of prospective ergonomics

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    International audienceThe energetic transition will be a major challenge in the next years. Today, we must imagine future needs and uses of alternative energy such as hydrogen. For this, we need to define and design innovative services which will satisfy future expectations of future users. But how can we evaluate and design products and services when they do not yet exist? In this case, it is hard to animate focus groups of users, impossible to analyze the usages, complicate to understand user's opinions… To deal with these questions, it is necessary to introduce prospective and creativity in the ergonomics approaches, so-called prospective ergonomics. Our project and the first results obtained show how different " actors of hydrogen " imagine the future uses of this energy from different points of view. We chose to organize three staff of professionals (production, transport and energy distribution) and we made a lexical analysis of their conversations. We present in this communication the process of lexical analysis and main results obtained. We explain, how we created 4 fictitious users called " Personas ". The main role of these personas is to facilitate ideation in order to allow the hydrogen professionals to design new products and innovative services
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