Testing real-time multi input-output systems

In formal testing, the assumption of input enabling is typically made. This assumption requires all inputs to be enabled anytime. In addition, the useful concept of quiescence is sometimes applied. Briefly, a system is in a quiescent state when it cannot produce outputs. In this paper, we relax the input enabling assumption, and allow some input sets to be enabled while others remain disabled. Moreover, we also relax the general bound M used in timed systems to detect quiescence, and allow different bounds for different sets of outputs. By considering the tioco-M theory, an enriched theory for timed testing with repetitive quiescence, and allowing the partition of input sets and output sets, we introduce the mtioco^M relation. A test derivation procedure which is nondeterministic and parameterized is further developed, and shown to be sound and complete wrt mtioco^

Test Derivation from Timed Automata

A real-time system is a discrete system whose state changes occur in real-numbered time [AH97]. For testing real-time systems, specification languages must be extended with constructs for expressing real-time constraints, the implementation relation must be generalized to consider the temporal dimension, and the data structures and algorithms used to generate tests must be revised to operate on a potentially infinite set of states

Work-in-progress Assume-guarantee reasoning with ioco

This paper presents a combination between the assume-guarantee paradigm and the testing relation ioco. The assume-guarantee paradigm is a ”divide and conquer” technique that decomposes the verification of a system into smaller tasks that involve the verification of its components. The principal aspect of assume-guarantee reasoning is to consider each component separately, while taking into account assumptions about the context of the component. The testing relation ioco is a formal conformance relation for model-based testing that works on labeled transition systems. Our main result shows that, with certain restrictions, assume-guarantee reasoning can be applied in the context of ioco. This enables testing ioco-conformance of a system by testing its components separately

A Semantic Framework for Test Coverage (Extended Version)

Since testing is inherently incomplete, test selection is of vital importance. Coverage measures evaluate the quality of a test suite and help the tester select test cases with maximal impact at minimum cost. Existing coverage criteria for test suites are usually defined in terms of syntactic characteristics of the implementation under test or its specification. Typical black-box coverage metrics are state and transition coverage of the specification. White-box testing often considers statement, condition and path coverage. A disadvantage of this syntactic approach is that different coverage figures are assigned to systems that are behaviorally equivalent, but syntactically different. Moreover, those coverage metrics do not take into account that certain failures are more severe than others, and that more testing effort should be devoted to uncover the most important bugs, while less critical system parts can be tested less thoroughly. This paper introduces a semantic approach to test coverage. Our starting point is a weighted fault model, which assigns a weight to each potential error in an implementation. We define a framework to express coverage measures that express how well a test suite covers such a specification, taking into account the error weight. Since our notions are semantic, they are insensitive to replacing a specification by one with equivalent behaviour.We present several algorithms that, given a certain minimality criterion, compute a minimal test suite with maximal coverage. These algorithms work on a syntactic representation of weighted fault models as fault automata. They are based on existing and novel optimization\ud problems. Finally, we illustrate our approach by analyzing and comparing a number of test suites for a chat protocol

A Semantic Framework for Test Coverage

Since testing is inherently incomplete, test selection is of vital importance. Coverage measures evaluate the quality of a test suite and help the tester select test cases with maximal impact at minimum cost. Existing coverage criteria for test suites are usually defined in terms of syntactic characteristics of the implementation under test or its specification. Typical black-box coverage metrics are state and transition coverage of the specification. White-box testing often considers statement, condition and path coverage. A disadvantage of this syntactic approach is that different coverage figures are assigned to systems that are behaviorally equivalent, but syntactically different. Moreover, those coverage metrics do not take into account that certain failures are more severe than others, and that more testing effort should be devoted to uncover the most important bugs, while less critical system parts can be tested less thoroughly. This paper introduces a semantic approach to test coverage. Our starting point is a weighted fault model, which assigns a weight to each potential error in an implementation. We define a framework to express coverage measures that express how well a test suite covers such a specification, taking into account the error weight. Since our notions are semantic, they are insensitive to replacing a specification by one with equivalent behaviour.We present several algorithms that, given a certain minimality criterion, compute a minimal test suite with maximal coverage. These algorithms work on a syntactic representation of weighted fault models as fault automata. They are based on existing and novel optimization\ud problems. Finally, we illustrate our approach by analyzing and comparing a number of test suites for a chat protocol

Conservative Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency

The purpose of this literature review is to present a simple protocol for the treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament deficiency for one plane athletes like some track athletes and baseball and softball designated players whom defer surgical intervention until after the season is completed

The Model Prodigal: Jesuit School Plays and the Production of Devotion in the Spanish Empire, 1565-1611

In this dissertation I examine the relationship between early modern Jesuit theater and the construction of religious practice in the Spanish Empire. I focus upon plays that reinterpret the Biblical Parable of the Prodigal Son to argue that the Society of Jesus utilized the stage to acquire religious authority over the domestic sphere and to promote paradigms of masculinity that would halt imperial decline. Chapter One sets forth a theoretical framework for this discussion by employing performance theory to establish that theatrical productions often dialogue with the social issues of their day. It reviews the historical context of Jesuit theater to assert that these plays emphasized the benefits of sincere religious devotion, a goal important to the Society and to Tridentine Catholicism. The second chapter examines the prodigal figure\u27s journey in Pedro Pablo de Acevedo\u27s Comedia Caropo: Seville, 1565) and Comedia Filauto: Seville, 1565), Juan de Cigorondo\u27s Tragedia intitulada Oçio: Puebla, 1586), and Pedro de Salas\u27s Coloquio de la Escolástica triunfante y la nueva Babilonia: Soria, 1611). These plays characterize this journey as a spatialized rejection of virtuous paternal authority, after which the prodigals are adrift in a morally contested social sphere. The representation of public space as morally dangerous communicates a need for youth to obey pious elders. Onstage, this includes obedience to a counselor figure who mediates the son\u27s return home. In Chapter Three, I argue that the counselor\u27s performed moral superiority works to legitimate the Society\u27s religious authority over the domestic sphere. Chapters Three and Four then explore the corrective advice offered by counselor figures as they mediate the prodigals\u27 repentance. I conclude that Acevedo\u27s plays encourage noble youth to steward their patrimonies well by guarding them from lower-class parasites. Cigorondo\u27s work addresses the historical concern for idle Creole youth by depicting diligent study and economic productivity as requisites of male virtue in colonial New Spain. In Castile, Salas\u27s work critiques the decadence associated with Philip III\u27s court and posits membership in the Society of Jesus as a fulfilling alternative for youth seeking to realize a virtuous masculinity. By interrogating the construction of religious virtue in these distinct texts, I ascertained that this group of plays reworks the Parable of the Prodigal Son in order to address the immediate concerns of the Society of Jesus. Through the counselor figure these works strive to acquire clerical authority over the domestic sphere, and through the corrective advice offered to prodigal figures these plays seek to shape male behavior in a way that will advance the interests of both Church and Empire