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Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection and associated factors among HIV positive patients assisted by public health system in Goiânia - Goiás
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-06Hepatitis B and C viruses are responsible for the most common chronic viral infections
worldwide. The prevalence of these viruses is higher among HIV-infected individuals, due
to common route of transmission. Coinfections HBV / HIV and HCV / HIV seems to be
associated with a worst liver disease prognosis. Studies evaluating these coinfections in the
mid-western Brazil are scarce. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and the risk factors
associated with HBV and HCV coinfections in HIV-positive patients in Goiânia – Goiás.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 495 adults, recruited from the
Centro de Referência em Diagnóstico e Terapêutica de Goiânia in 2011. After signing the
informed consent, participants were interviewed and material was collected for research
markers for HBV (anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HBs and HBV DNA) and HCV (anti-HCV and
HCV RNA). Prevalence of HBV and HCV infection was estimated. Univariate and
multivariate analysis to evaluate factors associated with positivity for both viruses were
performed. Odds and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals
(CI95%) and a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Participants mean age was 40.2
years (standard deviation =10. 4) with a male predominance (73.9%). Injecting drugs usage
was reported by 3.6% of participants. The prevalence of markers for hepatitis B exposure
was 33.5% (CI95% 29.4-37.9). Nineteen patients (3.8%, CI95% 2.4-6.0) were diagnosed
as hepatitis B carriers. Prevalence of anti-HCV was 9.7% (CI95% 7.3-12.7). The
distribution of HCV genotypes was: 1a (72.7%), 3 (13.6%) and 1b (9.1%). Coinfection by
the three viruses was 4.4% (CI95% 2.9-6.8). Male, age ≥ 40 years, previous history of
sexually transmitted disease (STD) and homo or bisexuality were associated with exposure
to HBV. History of injecting drugs and STD were associated with HCV seropositivity.
Over half of the coinfected patients were not aware of being HBV or HCV positive.
Conclusion: Seromarkers for previous HBV and/or HCV infections are common among
individual HIV positives in Goiânia. A significant proportion of them are unaware of their
serological status. These findings suggest the need for better screening and guidance
improvements for this populationOs vírus das hepatites B (HBV) e C (HCV) são responsáveis pelas infecções crônicas
virais mais comuns em todo o mundo. A prevalência dessas infecções é maior entre
indivíduos infectados pelo HIV, devido às vias comuns de transmissão desses vírus. As
coinfecções HBV/HIV e HCV/HIV parecem estar associadas a um pior prognóstico da
doença hepática. Estudos avaliando essas coinfecções, na região centro-oeste do Brasil, são
escassos. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e analisar fatores sócio-demográficos e
comportamentais associados às infecções pelo HBV e HCV em pacientes HIV positivos.
Métodos: Estudo transversal, com inclusão de 495 pacientes adultos, recrutados no Centro
de Referência em Diagnóstico e Terapêutica de Goiânia, em 2011. Após assinatura do
termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os participantes foram entrevistados e coletouse
material para pesquisa de marcadores para o HBV (anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HBs e HBV
DNA) e HCV (anti-HCV e HCV RNA). Estimou-se a prevalência das infecções pelo HBV
e HCV. Foi realizada análise uni e multivariada para avaliar fatores associados com a
positividade para os dois vírus. Foram calculados os Odds Ratios brutos e ajustados com
respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) e nível de significância de p<0,05.
Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 40,2 anos (desvio padrão=10,4),
com predomínio de homens (73,9%). O relato de uso de drogas injetáveis foi feito por
3,6% dos participantes. A prevalência de exposição ao vírus da hepatite B foi de 33,5%
(IC95% 29,4-37,9). Dezenove pacientes (3,8%, IC95% 2,4-6,0) foram diagnosticados
como portadores do vírus da hepatite B. A prevalência de anti-HCV foi 9,7% (IC95% 7,312,7).
A distribuição dos genótipos do HCV nessa população foi: 1a (72,7%), 3 (13,6%) e
1b (9,1%). A coinfecção pelos três vírus foi de 4,4% (IC95% 2,9-6,8). Sexo masculino,
idade ≥ 40 anos, relato de doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) e homo ou
bissexualismo mostraram-se associados à presença de marcadores de exposição ao HBV.
Antecedentes de drogas injetáveis e DST mostraram associação com soropositividade para
HCV. Cerca da metade dos pacientes coinfectados não sabia ser HBV ou HCV positivos.
Conclusões: Marcadores de exposição prévia ao HBV e ao HCV são frequentes entre os
pacientes HIV positivos, em Goiânia. Uma parcela significativa dessa população
desconhece seu status sorológico, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas de triagem e de
orientação mais efetivas
Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and associated factors in people living with HIV in Midwestern Brazil
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and analyze sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with such co-infection. A cross-section study was performed in 495 individuals treated at a public center in the city of Goiânia. Participants were interviewed and blood collected for evaluation of serological and molecular markers for HBV and HCV. The rate of exposure to HBV was 33.5% (95% CI 29.4-37.9). Nineteen patients (3.8%) were diagnosed as HBV carriers, of whom 68.4% were HBV DNA positive. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 9.7% (95% CI 7.3-12.7). Genotype 1a was identified in 72.7% of the PCR samples positive for HCV. Co-infection by all three viruses was 4.4% (95% CI 2.9-6.8). Being, male, aged ≥40 years, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), and having homosexual practices were independently associated with the presence of markers of HBV exposure. A history of injectable drugs use and STDs showed association with HCV seropositivity. Approximately 50% of participants were not aware of their HBV and HCV serostatus. The results obtained may contribute to assess the burden of viral hepatitis in people living with HIV and to guiding preventive measures for more vulnerable groups
Performance of two immunochromatographic tests for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with HIV
NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data